Prose (25%)

Question 1

What is level 1 of communication?

Answer 1

the context (empirical author on one side, and the reader on the other) (outside of the box)

Question 2

What is level 2 of communication?

Answer 2

text (novel, short story…) (inside the outer box)

Question 3

What is level 3 of communication?

Answer 3

enunciation (fictional situation of narration –> so the narrator and the narratee)

Question 4

What is level 4 of communication?

Answer 4

enounced (contents of the story –> so the story per se and what it tells)

Question 5

Explain how the “communication model for narrative prose” is build:

Answer 5

1.extratextual level of communication: real author and real reader
2.intratextual level of communication 1(level of narrative transmission): fictive narrator and fictive reader
3.intratextual level of communication 2(level of the characters and the story)

Question 6

What is the “story”?

Answer 6

What is told? (L4)
* events (actions and happenings)
* existents (characters and settings)

Question 7

What is the “discourse”?

Answer 7

How is it told? (L2 and L3)
* text (what we read)
* narration (process of production of the story)

Question 8

How do you analize discourse and story relation(according to Gerard Genette)?

Answer 8

1. Tense/Time
2. Mood/Mode
3. Voice

Question 9

Story Time:

Answer 9

refers to the temporal duration of the action that is described in the
course of the narrative

Question 10

Discourse Time:

Answer 10

refers to the period of time required in order to narrate a text

Question 11

Three aspects of time:

Answer 11

1. Order of events
2. Duration or speed of narration
3. Frequency

Question 12

Chronological narrative:

Answer 12

Event A-Event B- Event C

Question 13

Anachronic:

Answer 13

chronology gets interrupted

Question 14

Analepsis:

Answer 14

Flashback
Event B - Event A- Event C

Question 15

Prolepsis:

Answer 15

Flashforward
Event A- Event C- Event B

Question 16

Form of temporal structure: Scene

Answer 16

narration is equal to the story

Question 17

Form of temporal structure: Stretch

Answer 17

narration is longer than the story

Question 18

Form of temporal structure: Summary

Answer 18

narration is shorter than the story

Question 19

Form of temporal structure: Ellipsis

Answer 19

story continues after the narration was ommited

Question 20

Form of temporal structure: Pause

Answer 20

story time stands still after the narration had been going on

Question 21

When analyzing the Mood/Mode, which two points are important to look at?

Answer 21

a. Distance
b. Perspective and Focalisation

Question 22

Voice: What is a narrator?

Answer 22

‣ Two distinct questions:
‣ Who speaks? (voice)
‣ Who sees/perceives? (focalisation)

Question 23

Overt (explicit)narrator:

Answer 23

▸ refers to him/herself in the first person
▸ directly or indirectly addresses the narratee
▸ offers reader-friendly exposition
▸ exhibits a ‘discoursal stance’ or ‘slant’ toward characters and
events (e.g. evaluative phrases)
▸ one who ‘intrudes’ into the story in order to pass philosophical or
metanarrative comments,
▸ one who has a distinctive voice

Question 24

Covert(neutral) narrator:

Answer 24

▸ doesn’t refer to him/herself in the first person
▸ doesn’t address the narratee
▸ doesn’t offer reader-friendly exposition
▸ doesn’t exhibit a ‘discoursal stance’ or ‘slant’ toward characters and events (e.g. evaluative phrases)
▸ one who doesn’t ‘intrude’ into the story in order to pass philosophical or metanarrative comments,
▸ one who doesn’t have a distinctive voice

Question 25

What is the “diegesis”?

Answer 25

the storyworld

Question 26

Extradiegetic narrator:

Answer 26

first-degree narration, no embedding

Question 27

Intradiegetic narrator:

Answer 27

second-degree narration, the story is explicitly embedded
in another narrative

Question 28

Hypodiegetic narrator:

Answer 28

third-degree narration, the is embedded in an intradiegetic narrative (could be continued, hypo-hypo …)

Question 29

Homodiegetic narrator:

Answer 29

narrator also features as character in their story

Question 30

Autodiegetic narrator:

Answer 30

narrator features as main character in their story

Question 31

Heterodiegetic narrator:

Answer 31

narrator does not feature as character in their story

Question 32

Unreliable narrator:

Answer 32

• explicit contradictions within the narrator’s comments
• inclusion of contrasting versions of the same event (narrated by the same
  narrator)
• contradictions between the self-characterisation of the (homodiegetic)
  narrator and characterisations of the narrator by other characters
• addresses to the reader that clearly attempt to manipulate the reader’s
  interpretation of events
• (too) frequent insistence on the credibility (or incredibility) of his/her own
  account
• paratextual signals (e.g. title, chapter headings)

Question 33

Which 3 modes of speech exist?

Answer 33

1.Narrated speech
2.Transposed speech
3.Quoted speech

Question 34

What is “voice”?

Answer 34

Who speaks?

Question 35

What is focalisation?

Answer 35

-Who sees/perceives/thinks/feels?
-Whose consciousness, whose perspective?

Question 36

What does narrative consist of?

Answer 36

Voice and focalization

Question 37

Zero focalisation:

Answer 37

narrator>characters (Übersicht)

Question 38

Internal focalisation:

Answer 38

narrator=characters (Mitsicht)

Question 39

External focalisation:

Answer 39

narrator<characters (Außensicht)

Question 40

fixed focalisation:

Answer 40

one focalizer throughout the whole story

Question 41

variable focalisation:

Answer 41

different scenes/events/episodes are
presented through different perspectives

Question 42

multiple focalisation:

Answer 42

one scene/event/episode is presented repeatedly through different perspectives