Proper Test 3 Flashcards
What is the definition of explosives
A substance manufactured with a view to produce and explosion or pyrotechnic effect.
A substance, alone or mixed with one another, which are in a metastable state and are capable for this reason of undergoing a rapid chemical reaction without the participation of external reactant such as atmospheric oxygen
What are the two types of explosives
Primary - sensitive to heat shock or friction. Lead azide, Mercuary fulminate, lead styphlinate
Secondary - less sensitive to stimuli. RDX, TNT,
What are the factors affecting V of D
- density
- charge diameter
- degree of confinement
- strength of detonator
what is burn to detonation
Occurs when there is an abrupt acceleration of the
flame front until it becomes a shock wave.
When explosives are confined in a tube and ignited at
one end. The gas generated cannot escape
Pressure builds up the burning rate increases and
pulses can be generated which may accelerate the
burning rate to sonic velocity
What are the advantages of fuel air explosives
- FAE provides larger over pressures at greater
distances than HE would provide - Requires little or no oxygen in the molecular
structure therefore making a FAE explosion 3
to 5 times hotter than HE
what is rarefaction
a negative pressure phase (in either air or water)
what is the definition of a blast
Violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion. From the explosion there is an evolution of heat and gases and a shock front which emanates from the center of the explosion
what are the 3 levels of damage
disablement, destroyed, neutralized
factors affecting personal vunrabilities
attitude (target area presented)
protection ( buildings, PPE, equipment)
what is the lethality formular
Pk = Ph x Pr x PL
what is kinetic energy and chemical
kinetic = Kinetic Energy - In the form of a solid missile (a “shot”) which dissipates its energy on impact and requires no triggering device to control the energy release Chemical = In the form of a substance, which has considerable potential energy relative to its mass, which can be released when suitably initiated Such substances are known as high explosives and the initiation mechanism as a fuze
what are the types of attack on aircraft
Overpressure (Blast)
Kinetic energy (bullets or fragmenting warheads)
Special kinetic energy (continuous rod)
Shaped charges (EFPs)
what are the types of aircraft kills
KK-Kill The target suffers immediate and catastrophic disintegration.
K-Kill The target is destroyed in less than 10 secs.
A-Kill The target is destroyed in less than 5 mins.
B-Kill The target is defeated in less than 5 hours.
C-Kill The target’s mission is not achieved (mission abort).
E-Kill The target may complete its mission but needs repair before it
can fly again.
what are the affects of altitude on blast
Density
Attenuation
Miss Distance
Altitude increases/warhead increases
what are the warehead types used on aircraft
- Blast
- fragmentation
- fragmentation plus blast
- special kinetic energy
- shaped charges
- sub-projectiles
- cluster munitions
percentage wasted on aircraft
80%???
what are the types of Armour used
- RHA
- Spaced HA
- ply
- Face hardened
- reactive
- composite
- slat (bar)
know what shattering is
increasing the hardness of a projectile making it brittle, when hope pressure overcomes this the round will fracture from the tip.
on a APC what is a F kill
the weapon system is destroyed
what are the 4 behind armour effects
- Luminosity
- heat and fire
- spalling
- overpressure
what is the problems with combined kinetic and chemical rounds
Due mainly to the intense shocks to which any
initiating mechanism is subjected on initial impact
and during penetration.
how do u increase external balistics
Small cross-sectional area
High Mass
High Velocity
Aerodynamic design
percentage of wasted on aircraft
make the warhead have directional or preferential fragmentation
two types of enhancing penetration
rocket assist
barrel lengthening
lengthening the projectile
improve steadiness of shot
what are the factors effecting wound severity
- Fragment mass and velocity
- fragment cross sectional area
- stability of fragmentation
what are the factors effecting wound severity
- Fragment mass and velocity
- fragment cross sectional area
- stability of fragmentation
explain HESH
on impact with the target, the main fill spreads to its optimum spread then is intiated by the base detonating fuze, causing a spalling in the armour.
explain HESH
on impact with the target, the main fill spreads to its optimum spread then is intiated by the base detonating fuze, when the reflected tension wave meets further primary shock waves it causes a spalling in the armour.
where is HESH initiated from
Rear
explain reverse impact detonation
Detonation occurs before the fuze can
produce detonation of the filling, the shock
wave will be travelling in the wrong direction
how to reduce spin on APFSDS
slipping driving band
what are the 5 factors affecting shaped charge performance
cone diameter shape of liner cone material stand off distance rate of spin
what is 7:1 and 15:1
7: 1 is spin
15: 1 is fin
what are the forces affecting APSDS
aero and gas pressures
what are the spin compensators used on shaped charges
Slipping driving bands
Fluted liners
Spin compensated liners
optimum stand off for a munro effect
5 cone diameters
efp penetraintng
1 to 1000
distribution of frag
Effective distribution when projectile is
vertical.
How to control fragment velocity
V of d of main charge
Amount of explosives
Density of charge
Density of raw material
Severity of wound types depends on what?
Actual energy transfer
Rate of transfer from projectile
Tumbling and yawing
