Proof Flashcards
Meaning of A ⊨ B
A ⊨ B
means that B
is true in every structure in which A
is true.
Meaning of A ⊢ B
A ⊢ B
means B
can be proved using A
as the premises.
Soundness
If A ⊢ B
then A ⊨ B
Completeness
If A ⊨ B
then A ⊢ B
reductio ad absurdum
An assumption is rejected because it leads to a contradiction (an absurdity).
AND introduction
AND elimination
OR Introduction
OR Elimination
NOT Introduction
NOT Elimination
IMPLIES Introduction
IMPLIES Elimination
Double negation elimination
Excluded middle
⊢ A ∨ ¬A
Universal Elimination
- We know that for all
x
the statementp
holds. - We have a term
t
that we need to use in our argument. - So we know that the statement
p
holds if we replacex
byt
everywhere in the statement.
Universal introduction
- We are using
x
for a completely arbitrary element of the domain, being careful not to assume it has any special properties. - We show that
x
has to have the property stated in the formulap
. - Because
x
was arbitrary, we conclude that the formulap
must hold for allx
.
Existential elimination
- We know there is some
x
with the property stated byp
. - Let’s introduce a new name,
a
, for a particular thing with this property. - We deduce that some statement,
s
, (not involvinga
) must hold by an argument using the assumption thata
has propertyp
. - We conclude that
s
holds on its own, without the assumption abouta
having propertyp
.
Existential introduction
- We have a statement
p
about some particular termt
. - We conclude that there is some x with the property stated by
p
where we replacet
byx
.
literal
A WFF which is either an atom (an atomic proposition) or the negation of an atom.
Clause
A set of literals.
A clause is used to stand for the disjunction of its elements.
[a, ¬b] refers to both:
- a ∨ ¬b
- ¬b ∨ a
Horn clauses
Clauses with at most one positive literal.
Equivalent clause to false
Empty clause[]
Equivalent disjunction to a → b
¬a ∨ b