Pronouns/determiners

Question 1

Pronouns

Answer 1

words that can be used to substitue for an NP

Question 2

Determiners

Answer 2

words that precede a noun and specify its kind of reference

Question 3

Personal

Answer 3

Pronoun-only
I, you …

Question 4

Demonstrative

Answer 4

Pronoun & Determiner
That, this, those, these

Question 5

Relative

Answer 5

Pronoun & Determiner
Who(m), whose, which, that

Question 6

Interrogative

Answer 6

Pronoun & Determiner
Who, what …

Question 7

Possessive

Answer 7

Pronoun & Determiner
My, mine …

Question 8

Indefinite

Answer 8

Pronoun & Determiner
Everybody, nobody, every, any …

Question 9

Reciprocal

Answer 9

Pronoun-only
Each-other, one another …

Question 10

Reflexive

Answer 10

Pronoun-only
Myself, ourselves

Question 11

Polar echo

Answer 11

a (verbless) construction like: Me go there? Never! Or: What, me a liar?

Question 12

Empty it

Answer 12

= dummy it, the ‘it’ in sentences expressing weather conditions and temperature & sentences expressing time and distance

Question 13

Pro-forms

Answer 13

Forms that replace that-clauses. (f. ex. so and not; ‘I hope so’, ‘I’m afraid not’)

Question 14

Dependent possessive pronouns/determiners

Answer 14

my, your, his, her, its, our, you, their

Question 15

Independent possessive pronous/determiners

Answer 15

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

Question 16

Emphatic reflexive pronouns

Answer 16

function in apposition to another NP (although they may be separated)

Question 17

Non-emphatic reflexive pronouns

Answer 17

replace NPs which are co-referential with the subject NP of the clause

Question 18

Restrictive relative clause

Answer 18

= defining relative clause
= integrated relative clause
The Postmodifier is essential for the identification of the antecedent
That, zero, who/whom, which, where, when, why, whereby

Question 19

Non-restrective relative clause

Answer 19

= non-defining relative clause
= supplementary relative clause
The relative clause gives additional information that is not essential for the identification of the NP. It is preceded and followed by commas.
who/whom, which, where, when, while, whence

Question 20

Fused relative constructions

Answer 20

= nominal relative
= independent relative construction
Relative clause that is introduced by a wh-element and is very similar to NPs.
whom(ever)/who(ever), what(ever), where(ever), when(ever)

Question 21

Bare relatives

Answer 21

Relative clauses that are not introduced by a relative word or the word that

Question 22

preposition stranding

Answer 22

a relative pronoun may be separated from its preposition, which is then postposed