Pronouns/determiners Flashcards
Pronouns
words that can be used to substitue for an NP
Determiners
words that precede a noun and specify its kind of reference
Personal
Pronoun-only
I, you …
Demonstrative
Pronoun & Determiner
That, this, those, these
Relative
Pronoun & Determiner
Who(m), whose, which, that
Interrogative
Pronoun & Determiner
Who, what …
Possessive
Pronoun & Determiner
My, mine …
Indefinite
Pronoun & Determiner
Everybody, nobody, every, any …
Reciprocal
Pronoun-only
Each-other, one another …
Reflexive
Pronoun-only
Myself, ourselves
Polar echo
a (verbless) construction like: Me go there? Never! Or: What, me a liar?
Empty it
= dummy it, the ‘it’ in sentences expressing weather conditions and temperature & sentences expressing time and distance
Pro-forms
Forms that replace that-clauses. (f. ex. so and not; ‘I hope so’, ‘I’m afraid not’)
Dependent possessive pronouns/determiners
my, your, his, her, its, our, you, their
Independent possessive pronous/determiners
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Emphatic reflexive pronouns
function in apposition to another NP (although they may be separated)
Non-emphatic reflexive pronouns
replace NPs which are co-referential with the subject NP of the clause
Restrictive relative clause
= defining relative clause
= integrated relative clause
The Postmodifier is essential for the identification of the antecedent
That, zero, who/whom, which, where, when, why, whereby
Non-restrective relative clause
= non-defining relative clause
= supplementary relative clause
The relative clause gives additional information that is not essential for the identification of the NP. It is preceded and followed by commas.
who/whom, which, where, when, while, whence
Fused relative constructions
= nominal relative
= independent relative construction
Relative clause that is introduced by a wh-element and is very similar to NPs.
whom(ever)/who(ever), what(ever), where(ever), when(ever)
Bare relatives
Relative clauses that are not introduced by a relative word or the word that
preposition stranding
a relative pronoun may be separated from its preposition, which is then postposed
