Mood & Modality

Question 1

Central modals

Answer 1

Modals that satisfy all the criteria. Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must.

Question 2

Marginal modals

Answer 2

Modals that satisfy most of the criteria but not all. Dare, need, ought to, used to.

Question 3

Semi-auxiliaries

Answer 3

Express modal meanings, but do not satisfy the formal criteria. Have (got) to and expressions with be

Question 4

Modal idioms

Answer 4

Express modal meanings and behave mostly like modal auxiliaries. Would rather/soon and had better

Question 5

catenatives

Answer 5

Have some formal characteristics of modals, but behave more like full verbs. Appear, seem, tend, fail …

Question 6

Non-epistemic

Answer 6

Desirability, based on emotions

Question 7

Epistemic

Answer 7

Likelihood, based on knowledge, facts and logic

Question 8

Internal obligation (obligation)

Answer 8

Must

Question 9

External obligation (obligation)

Answer 9

Have to

Question 10

Internal obligation (necessity)

Answer 10

Need

Question 11

External obligation (necessity)

Answer 11

Need to