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Portuguese Grammar > Pronouns > Flashcards

Pronouns Flashcards

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1
Q

List the subject pronouns in Portuguese and their English translations.

A
  • eu = I
  • tu = you
  • ele/ela/você, o/a senhor(a) = he, it/she, it/you (sing. formal)
  • nós = we
  • vós = you (pl. informal)
  • eles/elas/vocês, os/as senhores(as) = they (m., f.)/you (pl. f.)
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2
Q

What are the direct object pronouns in Portuguese and their English translations?

A
  • me = me
  • te = you (sing. informal)
  • o/a = him, it/her, it
  • nos = us
  • vos = you (pl.)
  • os/as = them (m., f.)
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3
Q

The indirect object pronouns in Portuguese and their English translations are…

A
  • me = me
  • te = you (sing., inf.)
  • lhe = him, it/her
  • nos = us
  • vos = you (pl. informal)
  • lhes = them
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4
Q

List the prepositional pronouns in Portuguese.

A
  • mim = me
  • ti/si = you (sing. informal)
  • ele/ela/você, o/a senhor(a) = him, it/her/you (sing., formal)
  • nos = us
  • vos = you (pl. informal)
  • êles/elas/vocês, os/as senhores(as) = them (m., f.)/you (pl. formal)
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5
Q

What are the reflexive pronouns in Portuguese?

A
  • me = myself
  • te = yourself
  • se = himself/herself/itself/themselves
  • nos = ourselves
  • vos = yourselves
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6
Q

Translate the following: “You [familiar, singular] are very kind.”

A

Tu és muito amável (Euro. Port.).
Você é muito amável (Braz. Port.).

tu = you (familiar, singular) (Euro. Port.)
você = (familiar, singular) (Braz. Port.)
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7
Q

What is “you” (familiar, plural) in Portuguese?

A
  • vos (Euro. Port.)

- vocês (Braz. Port.)

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8
Q

Translate the following: “You [formal, singular] are very kind.”

A

O senhor é muito amável (Braz. Port.).
Você é muito amável (Euro. Port.).

você = you (formal, singular) (Euro. Port.)
o senhor/a senhora = you (formal, singular) (Braz. Port.)

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9
Q

When addressing a stranger or superior in Portugal, you use…

A

o senhor/a senhora

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10
Q

In Portugal, the form of “you” less formal than “o senhor/a senhora” but slightly more formal than “tu” is…

A

você

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11
Q

In Brazil, formal “you” is…

A

o senhor/a senhora

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12
Q

What is the colloquial informal form of “you” in Brazilian Portuguese?

A

-você (singular)/vocês (plural)

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: “O senhor ____ falar inglês” (‘You, sir, can speak English’).

A

pode

Você, o/a senhor(a), vocês, and os/as senhores(as) always take the third person form of the verb, singular or plural.

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14
Q

Translate: “Today we are going to the city center.”

A

Hoje vamos ao centro da cidade.

Subject pronouns are usually omitted, because the verb conjugation indicates the subject.

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15
Q

List the cases in which the subject pronoun is used.

A
  • for emphasis
  • contrast
  • on its own without the verb
  • in comparisons
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16
Q

Should the subject pronoun be used here: “Eu o faço” (‘I do it!’)?

A

Yes: The subject pronoun is used for emphasis.

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17
Q

What’s “I speak and you listen,” in Portuguese?

A

Eu falo e você escuta.

The subject pronoun is used for contrast.

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18
Q

True or false: “It is raining in Portuguese” is “Ele está chovendo.”

A

False. It’s “Está chovendo”–when talking about the time and weather, the subject pronoun is omitted.

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19
Q

Translate “Who bought it? Me.”

A

Quem o comprou? Eu.

The subject pronoun is used on its own without the verb.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: “Ela é mais jovem do que __” (‘She is younger than me’).

A

eu

The subject pronoun is used in comparisons.

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21
Q

Direct object pronouns replace…

A

the direct object noun in a sentence.

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22
Q

“Leemos livros” (We read books).

The direct object noun in this sentence is…

A

“livros,” because it receives the action of “leemos.”

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23
Q

“Leemos livros” (We read books).

Replace the direct object noun in this sentence with a direct object pronoun.

A

“Lemos-os” (Euro. Port.)/”Os lemos” (Braz. Port) (‘We read them).

“Livros” is plural and masculine, and since it represents inanimate objects, third person, the direct object pronoun “os” is used.

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24
Q

Translate “They love me.”

A

Eles me amam.

The direct object of a sentence can be a person.

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25
Q

What are the two cases in which direct object pronouns are used?

A
  • to substitute nouns when the thing/person being discussed is clear, and to avoid repetition
  • to replace the entire information or idea that’s already been presented
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26
Q

Translate “Mark reads a book. He reads it.”

A

Euro.: Mark lê o livro. Mark lê-lo.
Braz.: Mark lê o livro. Mark o lê.

Direct object pronouns are used to substitute nouns when the thing/person being discussed is clear, and to avoid repetition.

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27
Q

“Eu comprei um vestido novo. Eu o sei,” (‘I bought a new robe. I know (it)’).

In these sentences, how is the direct object pronoun being used?

A

to replace the entire information or idea that’s already been presented

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28
Q

Order the following words to form the sentence “She has seen me”:

  • ela
  • tem
  • visto
  • me
A

Ela me tem visto.

In the perfect tense, the direct object pronoun precedes have/be in the verb conjugation.

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29
Q

Translate “Read it.”

A

Leia-o.

The direct object pronoun is attached to the end of affirmative commands.

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30
Q

What’s “Do not read it” in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

A

European: Não lê-lo.
Brazilian: Não o lê.

In Brazilian Portuguese, the direct object pronoun is placed between the negative and the verb. In European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun is attached to the end of the verb with a hyphen.

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31
Q

In Portuguese, “I would like to see her,” is…

A

“Eu gostaria de vê-la”/”Eu la gostaria de vê.”

When a verb is followed by another verb in the infinitive, the direct object pronoun can be placed either before the first verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: In Brazilian Portuguese, the direct object pronoun is usually placed _____ the verb.

A

before

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33
Q

In European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun is usually placed…

A

following the verb and attached to it by a hyphen in certain cases.

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34
Q

When is the direct object pronoun attached to the end of a verb with a hyphen in European Portuguese?

A
  • in affirmative sentences
  • in affirmative commands
  • in questions which aren’t introduced by an interrogative
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35
Q

Complete the phrase in European Portuguese: “Ela compra a casa. Ela _______,” (‘She buys the house. She buys it’).

A

compra-a

In affirmative sentences in European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun is attached to the end of a verb with a hyphen.

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36
Q

“Leia o livro” (‘Read the book’).

Rewrite the sentence in European Portuguese, with “livro” replaced by a direct object pronoun.

A

Leia-o.

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37
Q

State “Did you see her last week?” in European Portuguese.

A

Viste-a a semana pasada?

In questions not introduced by an interrogative in European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun is attached to the end of a verb with a hyphen.

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38
Q

What’s “Did you see her last week?” in Brazilian Portuguese?

A

Você a viu a semana pasada?

Direct object pronouns usually aren’t attached to the verb with a hyphen in Brazilian Portuguese.

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39
Q

List the cases in which the direct object pronoun precedes the verb in European Portuguese.

A
  • in negative sentences
  • in questions introduced by an interrogative
  • after conjunctions like “que” (that) or “como” (as)
  • after certain adverbs
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40
Q

Translate “I have never met him before,” into European Portuguese.

A

Nunca o tenho encontrado antes.

In negative sentences in European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun precedes the verb.

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41
Q

What are seven examples of negatives and their English translations found in negative sentences?

A
  • não (do/does not)
  • jamais (never)
  • nunca (never)
  • nem (neither)
  • ninguém (no one)
  • nenhum (none)
  • nada (nothing)
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42
Q

True or False: In European Portuguese, “She did not see us yesterday,” is “Ela não viu-nos ontem.”?

A

False. The correct answer is, “Ela não nos viu ontem.”

In negative sentences in European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun precedes the verb.

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43
Q

List four interrogatives and their English translations.

A
  • quando? (when?)
  • onde? (where?)
  • quem? (who?)
  • qual? (which?)
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44
Q

Which is “Where did you see them?” in European Portuguese?

A) Onde os viste?
B) Onde viste-os?

A

A) Onde os viste?

In questions introduced by an interrogative in European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun precedes the verb.

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45
Q

Translate “Where did you see them?” into Brazilian Portuguese.

A

Onde você os viu?

In Brazilian Portuguese, the direct object pronoun usually precedes the verb.

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46
Q

What’s “I think that he visited her yesterday,” in European Portuguese?

A

Eu acho que ele a visitou ontem.

After conjunctions like “que” (that) and “como” (as) in European Portuguese, the direct object pronoun precedes the verb.

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47
Q

The direct object pronoun follows which adverbs? (List their English translations as well.)

A
  • sempre (always)
  • tudo (everything)
  • ainda (still)
  • talvez (maybe)
  • também (as well)
  • muito (many/much)
  • pouco (little)
  • bastante (enough)
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48
Q

Fill in the blank: Talvez _____ no cinema (Perhaps I will meet them in the cinema).

A

os encontro

The direct object pronoun follows certain adverbs in European Portuguese.

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49
Q

In European Portuguese, “Everything reminds us of our country” is…

*recordar = to remind of

A

Tudo nos recorda nosso país.

The direct object pronoun follows certain adverbs in European Portuguese.

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50
Q

State “She bought a car and I saw it,” in European Portuguese.

*comprou = bought
vi = saw
A

Ela comprou um carro e eu vi-o.

If the verb ends in a vowel or oral dipthong, the pronoun is not changed.

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51
Q

What’s “She bought a car and I saw it,” in Brazilian Portuguese?

A

Ela comrou um carro e eu o vi.

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52
Q

“Vamos comprar a casa” (‘Let’s buy the house’).

Rewrite the sentence in Portuguese with “casa” replaced by a direct object pronoun.

A

Vamos compra-la.

If the verb ends in -r, -s, or -z, these endings are removed and the pronouns -o, -a, -os, -as become -lo, -la, -los, -las.

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53
Q

“We eat the cake. We eat it,” in Portuguese is “Comemos o bolo. Comemo-lo,” because…

A

if the verb ends in -r, -s, or -z, these endings are removed and the pronouns -o, -a, -os, -as become -lo, -la, -los, -las.

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54
Q

Translate “She is buying the apple. She is buying it.”

A

Ela compra a maçã. Ela compra-á.

If the verb ens in -ar or -az, the -a takes an acute accent to keep the open sound of the vowel.

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55
Q

What’s “very pleased to meet you [masculine formal]” in Portuguese?

A

muito prazer em conhecê-lo

If the verb ends in -er or -ez, the -e takes a circumflex accent to keep the closed sound of the vowel.

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56
Q

In Portuguese, “I want to put it [masculine] on the table,” is…

*quero = I want
pôr = to put
sobre = on
A

Quero pô-lo sobre a mesa.

Infinitives of compounds of pôr, repor, etc. do not have a circumflex accent on the -o, but it is added when the final -r of the infintive is dropped before taking a direct object prounoun.

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57
Q

Fill in the blank in European Portuguese: “Eles conhecem a rua. Eles _________,” (‘They know the street. They know it,’).

A

conhecem-na

In European Portuguese, if the verb ends in -m, -ão, -õe, or -ões, the pronouns -o, -a, -os, -as change into -no, -na, -nos, -nas.

58
Q

“Eles são profissionais” (‘They are professionals’).

Rewrite the above sentence in European Portuguese with “profissionais” replaced by a direct object pronoun.

A

Eles são-no. (They are (so).)

If the verb ends in -m, -ão, -õe, or -ões, the pronouns -o, -a, -os, -as change into -no, -na, -nos, -nas.

59
Q

“Eles são profissionais” (‘They are professionals’).

Rewrite the above sentence in Brazilian Portuguese with “profissionais” replaced by a direct object pronoun.

A

Eles os são. (They are (so).)

60
Q

Ele escreveu uma carta para Sandra. (He wrote a letter to Sandra.)

Rewrite the above sentence using indirect object pronouns.

A

Ele lhe escreveu.* (He wrote to her.)

“Sandra” is the indirect object and so can be replaced with the indirect object pronoun “lhe.”

*(Ele escreveu uma carta para ela.)

61
Q

Ele comprou um presente para mim. (He bought a gift for me.)

What’s “He bought me a gift” in Portuguese?

A

Ele me comprou um presente.

62
Q

Indirect object pronouns follow the same word order rules as…

A

direct object pronouns.

63
Q

What are 10 common verbs used with indirect object pronouns and their English translations?

A
  • comprar algo a (lhe) = to buy something for somebody
  • contar algo a (lhe) = to tell something to somebody
  • dar algo a (lhe) = to give something to somebody
  • dizer algo a (lhe) = to say something to somebody
  • escrever algo a (lhe) = to write something to somebody
  • enviar algo a (lhe) = to send something to somebody
  • mostrar algo a (lhe) = to show something to somebody
  • pedir algo a (lhe) = to ask something of somebody
  • servir algo a (lhe) = to serve something to somebody
  • trazer algo a (lhe) = to bring something to somebody
64
Q

When there are both direct and indirect object pronouns in the same sentence, which goes first?

A

The direct object pronoun precedes the indirect object pronoun.

65
Q

Complete the sentence in European Portuguese: “Ela mandou-me uma mensagem. Ela ________” (She sent me a message. She sent it to me).

A

me mandou-a

The direct and indirect object pronoun contractions aren’t used in Brazilian Portuguese.

66
Q

Complete the sentence in Brazilian Portuguese: “Ela me mandou uma mensagem. Ela ________” (She sent me a message. She sent it to me).

A

ma mandou

67
Q

me (indirect) + o (direct) =

A

mo

68
Q

me (indirect) + __ (direct) = mos

A

os

69
Q

__ (indirect) + a (direct) = mas

A

me

70
Q

te (indirect) + o (direct) = __

A

to

71
Q

te (indirect) + _ (direct) = ta

A

a

72
Q

__ (indirect) + os (direct) = tos

A

te

73
Q

te (indirect) + as (direct) = __

A

tas

74
Q

lhe (indirect) + o (direct) = __

A

lh

75
Q

lhe (indirect) + a (direct) = __

A

lha

76
Q

lhe (indirect) + os (direct) = __

A

lhos

77
Q

lhe (indirect) + as (direct) = __

A

lhas

78
Q

nos (indirect) + o (direct) = __

A

no-lo

79
Q

nos (indirect) + a (direct) = __

A

no-la

80
Q

nos (indirect) + os (direct) = __

A

no-los

81
Q

nos (indirect) + as (direct) = __

A

no-las

82
Q

vos (indirect) + o (direct) = __

A

vo-lo

83
Q

vos (indirect) + a (direct) = __

A

vo-la

84
Q

vos (indirect) + os (direct) = __

A

vo-los

85
Q

vos (indirect) + as (direct) = __

A

vo-las

86
Q

lhes (indirect) + o (direct) = __

A

lho

87
Q

lhes (indirect) + a (direct) = __

A

lha

88
Q

lhes (indirect) + os (direct) = __

A

lhos

89
Q

lhes (indirect) + a (direct) = __

A

lhas

90
Q

Ela deu-lhe os livros. (She gave him the books.)

State “She gave him them” in Brazilian Portuguese.

A

Ela lhe deu-os.

The direct and indirect object pronoun contractions aren’t used in Brazilian Portuguese.

91
Q

Finish the sentence in European and Brazilian Portuguese:

Isto é para __ (This is for you).

A

ti (European)/você (Brazilian)

Prepositional (disjunctive) pronouns are used after prepositions.

92
Q

State the prepositions and their English equivalents that precede prepositional (disjunctive) pronouns.

A
  • a = to/at
  • de = from
  • em = in
  • para = for
  • por = on/about
  • sobre = with
  • sem = without
93
Q

Fill in the blank: “Seu pai fala de ___” (His father is talking about me).

A

mim

Prepositional (disjunctive) pronouns are used after prepositions.

94
Q

State “Can I dance with you [familiar]?” in European Portuguese.

  • com = with
  • posso = I can
  • dançar = to dance
A

Posso dançar contigo?

com + ti = contigo

95
Q

State “Can I dance with you [formal]?” in European Portuguese.

  • com = with
  • posso = I can
  • dançar = to dance
A

Posso dançar com você?

96
Q

com + mim = _______

A

conmigo

97
Q

com + ti = _______

A

contigo

98
Q

com + si = _______

A

consigo

99
Q

com + nós = _______

A

connosco/conosco

100
Q

com + vós = _______

A

convosco

101
Q

What’s “I know her name” in Portuguese?

  • sei = I know
  • o nome = name
A

Eu sei o nome dela.

de + ela = dela

102
Q

What’s “I know your name” in Portuguese?

  • sei = I know
  • o nome = name
A

Eu sei teu nome.

103
Q

de + ele = ____

A

dele

104
Q

de + eles = ____

A

deles

105
Q

de + elas = ____

A

delas

106
Q

Translate “We trust him.”

-acreditamos = we believe

A

Nós acreditamos nele.

em + ele = nele

107
Q

Translate “We trust you.”

-acreditamos = we believe

A

Nós acreditamos em ti.

108
Q

em + ela = ____

A

nela

109
Q

em + eles = ____

A

neles

110
Q

em + elas = ____

A

nelas

111
Q

A mim ninguém me ligou. (No one called me.)

Here, the preposition “a” is used to…

A

clarify, emphasize, or contrast.

112
Q

How do you say “I did it myself” in Portuguese?

  • fiz = I did
  • isso = it
A

Eu mesmo fiz isso.

“Mesmo” can be added to the subject pronoun for emphasis.

113
Q

In Portuguese, “I get dressed” is…

-vestir = to dress

A

Visto-me/me visto.

Here, the reflexive is used.

114
Q
  1. Me lavo/lavo-me. (I wash myself.)
  2. Eu lavo meu cão. (I wash my dog.)

Which sentence is reflexive?

A

1.

115
Q

Make “falar” (to talk) reflexive.

A

falar-se (to talk to onself/each other)

116
Q

In Brazilian Portuguese, where are reflexive pronouns located?

A

right before the verb and after indirect and direct object pronouns

117
Q

Translate “She sat down” into European Portuguese.

-sentou = she sat

A

Ela sentou-se.

In European Portuguese, the reflexive pronoun is usually attached to the end of the verb with a hyphen.

118
Q

What’s “She did not sit” in European Portuguese?

-sentou = she sat

A

Ela não se sentou.

In negative sentences in European Portuguese, the reflexive pronoun precedes the verb after prepositions, conjunctions, and relative clauses.

119
Q

State “Read yourself” in European Portuguese.

-leia = read (interrogative)

A

Te leia.

In interrogative sentences in European Portuguese, the reflexive pronoun precedes the verb, after prepositions, conjunctions, and relative clauses.

120
Q

In the case of compound verbs (perfect tenses, verb + infinitive, present progressive, etc.), where should the reflexive pronoun be placed?

A

Either attached to the end of the infinitive with a hyphen or, in Brazilian Portuguese, before the first conjugated verb (perfect tenses, present progressive).

121
Q

In Portuguese, “my house” is…

-casa = house

A

a minha casa

All possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.

122
Q

What are the four versions of “my” in Portuguese?

A
  • o meu
  • os meus
  • a minha
  • as minhas
123
Q

List the four versions of “your [singular]” in Portuguese?

A
  • o teu
  • os teus
  • a tua
  • as tuas
124
Q

The four versions of “his/her/its” in Portuguese are…

A
  • o seu
  • os seus
  • a sua
  • as suas
125
Q

State the four versions of “your [plural]” in Portuguese.

A
  • o vosso
  • os vossos
  • a vossa
  • as vossas
126
Q

What are the four forms of “we” in Portuguese?

A
  • o nosso
  • os nossos
  • a nossa
  • as nossas
127
Q

List the four forms of “their” in Portuguese.

A
  • o seu
  • os seus
  • a sua
  • as suas
128
Q

Complete the sentence “Ele colocou ____ mãos nos bolsos” (He put his hands in his pockets).

A

as

The definite article is used instead of the possessive adjective when relating body parts, clothing, or personal possessions when the possessor is clear.

129
Q

Translate “Your house is bigger than mine” in Portuguese.

-casa = house

A

A tua casa é maior que a minha.

Possessive pronouns are used to replace a noun accompanied by a possessive adjective. The possessive pronouns must agree with the noun they replace in gender and number and be used with the appropriate definite article.

130
Q

Fill in the blank: “Meu computador está quebrado. Posso usar ______?” (‘My computer is broken. Can I use yours?’).

A

o teu

Possessive pronouns are used to replace a noun accompanied by a possessive adjective. The possessive pronouns must agree with the noun they replace in gender and number and be used with the appropriate definite article.

131
Q

Fill in the blank: “Enviei a carta para o meu amigo. Enviaste ______?” (I sent a letter to my friend. Did you send one to yours?).

A

ao (para o) teu (Euro.)/seu (Braz.)

Possessive pronouns can be used with contracted forms of the definite article.

132
Q

Complete the dialogue.

“É este o celular de Maria?” (Is this Maria’s cellphone?).

“Sim, este é _____” (Yes, it is hers).

A

o seu

133
Q

What’s “this man” in Portuguese?

A

este homem

Demonstrative adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.

134
Q

True or False: “this woman” in Portuguese is “esta a mulher.”

A

False; it’s “esta mulher.” The definite article is not used with demonstrative adjectives.

135
Q

“This” (masculine and feminine) in Portuguese is…

A

este/esta

136
Q

What’s “these” (masculine and feminine) in Portuguese?

A

estes/estas

137
Q

State “that” (masculine and feminine) in Portuguese.

A

esse/essa

138
Q

Translate “those” (masculine and feminine).

A

esses/essas

139
Q

“That over there” (masculine and feminine) in Portuguese is…

A

aquel/aquela

140
Q

What’s “those over there” in Portuguese?

A

aqueles/aquelas

Portuguese Grammar (9 decks)

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