Prologue(1-16) Flashcards
Plato
(Student of Socrates)- Mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies, and knowledge is innate born within us
Pyschology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Socrates
Concluded that mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, and knowledge is innate born within us
Aristotle
(Student of Socrates)- Soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul
Descartes
Believes in the same ideals as Plato & Socrates, and “Minds being entirely distinct from the body” and able to survive its death
Francis Bacon
Introduced Scientific Method, implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation
John Locke
Adapted the Theory of Tabula Rasa, believe humans start off with a blank slate and we build our experience through experience, father of Empiricism
Empiricism
The view that a knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment
Wilhelm Wundt
Opened first laboratory for psychology in Leipzig, Germany
Structuralism
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure if the human mind
Edward Titchener
Introduced & brought structuralism to U.S. and opened first U.S. lab in Cornell
Introspection
Self-Reflective (Looking Inward)
Functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
William James
Developed Functionlism- focused on how mental & behavioral process function(Wrote Principles of Psychology)
Mary Calkins
(Student of James) Pioneer the way of psychology for women, first women president of the American Psychology Association(APA)
Margaret Floy Washburn
First women to receive a PH. D in psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
Nature-Nurture Issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions the genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Natural Selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Levels of analysis
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Evolutionary Perspective
How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes
Behavior Genetics Perspective
How much our genes and our environment influences our individual difference
Neuroscience Perspective
How the body & brain enable emotional, memories and sensory experience
Psychodynamic Perspective
How behavior springs from unconscious drives & conflicts
Behavioral Perspective
How we learn observable responses
Cognitive Perspective
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Social-Cultural Perspective
How behavior and thinking vary across situations & cultures
Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Applied Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Biological Psychologists
Exploring the links between brain and mind
Developmental Psychologists
Studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb
Cognitive Psychologists
Experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
Personality Psychologists
Investigating our persistent traits
Social Psychologists
Exploring how we view and affect one another
Counseling Psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
Clinical Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (For example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
