PROLOG: Gynecology Flashcards
Ultrasound findings concerning for ovarian cancer (5)

What is the initial first-line treatment for hemorrhage after a D&C?
Uterine massage + uterotonics
You are about to perform a LAVH on a 48 yo with a fibroid uterus. You place your camera port in the umbilicus with the assist of a Veress needle. Where do you place your accessory trocars?
The lower quadrant ports are placed approximately 2 cm medial and at or superior to the ASIS, lateral to the border of the rectus
The inferior epigastrics typically lie 3.7 cm from the midline at the level of the ASIS. By placing the trocar lateral to this, one can avoid these vessels.
EMB samples approximately ___% of the endometrial cavity.
About ___% of patients noted to have complex hyperplasia have concomitant endometrial cancer.
An EMB has a failure rate of detecting cancer of ___%.
5-15%
30-40%
0.9%
Ovarian Tumors and their associated positive tumor markers
Dysgerminoma
Endodermal Sinus
Granulosa Cell
Choriocarcinoma
Immature Teratoma
Embryonal Carcinoma
Epithelial Ovarian cancers


A 28 yo G0 undergoing an infertility evaluation. She had a prior HSG that demonstrated tubal patency. What is the MOST appropriate test for evaluating her endometrium for polyps?
Saline infusion sonogram (SIS)

Mullerian Anomalies


Leiomyoma: Hypoechoic, well-circumscribed round masses with posterior acoustic shadowing
Early Pregnancy Loss: Diagnosis

MOA: Mifepristone
Derivative of norethindrone (anti-progesterone): binds to progesterone R with greater affinity than progesterone but does NOT activate the R
>> Decidual necrosis, cervical softening, increased uterine contractility, increased prostaglandin sensitivity
The uterine contractility increases 24-36 h after mifepristone administration. At this point, the sensitivity of the myometrium to the stimulatory effects of exogenous prostaglandins, like misoprostol, increase fivefold.
Most effective medical regimen for EPL
Mifepristone + misoprostol
Mifepristone 200 mg PO 24 hr then 24-48 h later > misoprostol 800 mcg buccally / vaginally
Most common surgical procedure performed for treatment of stress urinary incontinence
Midurethral sling
How to manage an expanding vulvar hematoma?
Incise and ligate bleeding vessels
Pressure should then be maintained over the site of hematoma evacuation for at least 12 hrs to decrease the risk of reaccumulation of the hematoma.
Absolute and relative contraindications for endometrial ablation

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
Genetically 46 XY but have mutated receptors for androgen leading to poorly functioning receptors > therefore, androgen action is not carried out, causing failure to produce male genitalia
Generally develop phenotypically as females because they have no clinically apparent androgen exposure. Breast development occurs because testosterone is aromatized to estrogen. However, they have no internal female organs and they generally have a shortened vagina.
There is an increased risk of testicular cancer if the testes are not removed **

What is Swyer Syndrome?
XY gonadal dysgenesis
The testes fail to develop properly and thus there is no testosterone present to drive development of male genitalia. Also, since the testes do not develop properly, there is no AMH and these patients will have a uterus and cervix

What is a Latzko repair?
Surgery typically performed to repair a vesicovaginal fistula, best performed 6-12 weeks after the inciting surgery
Surgical technique: cannulate the vesicovaginal fistula with a lacrimal duct probe or pediatric Foley to help the surgeon pull the involved area of vagina toward the introitus to facilitate vaginal dissection. The vaginal epithelium is incised around the fistula. Vaginal epithelial flaps are then raised and removed in a circle with a diameter of 2-3 cm around the fistula tract. Two layers of 2-0 or 3-0 absorbable sutures are placed in a transverse interrupted fashion to close the defect without tension.

Treatment of choice for endometriomas >5 cm in size
Surgical excision… allowing pregnancy rate to be >60%
Endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain and can lead to infertility. The mechanism of infertility is not specifically known, but endometriosis can damage the fallopian tubes and cause unfavorable inflammatory environment in the pelvis that can hinder sperm function.
Removal of endometriomas has been found to increase fertility rate. What is the pregnancy rate following excision?
56-65%
Fire Risk Score

Most common case of rectovaginal fistula?
Birth trauma
On HSG, the fallopian tubes appear dilated. What is the correct antibiotic choice for this procedure?

When is a psoas hitch used?
When an iatrogenic ureteral injury is not able to be reimplanted into the bladder without tension
Ureter injuries that cannot be safely repaired with a ureteroneocystotomy because the repair would be placed under tension are good candidates for psoas hitch. The bladder is mobilized on the contralateral and ipsilateral side. A cystotomy is placed in the dome of the bladder. This hole is used to anchor the bladder to the psoas tendon and reimplant the ureter.

When should the appendix be removed during gynecological surgery?
When mucinous carcinoma is diagnosed









































