Prokayotes and Eukaryotes

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

1. all living things are made up of cells
2. the cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division
4. cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
5. cells are basically the same in chemical composition
6. all energy flow of life occurs within cells

Question 2

what did Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann state?

Answer 2

all organisms are composed of similar units of organisation called cells

Question 3

what did Rudolph Virchow state?

Answer 3

all cells only arise from pre-existing cells: spontaneous generation is not true

Question 4

what are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 4

1. size: prokaryotes are usually 3micrometre while plasma cells are around 20micrometer
2. The presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes
3. intracellular structures in eukaryotes

Question 5

why can eukaryotic cells be bigger?

Answer 5

due to compartmentalisation of structures

Question 6

compare the size of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 6

prokaryotes: small (1-5micrometre)
eukaryotes: larger (10-100micrometre)

Question 7

compare the organelles of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 7

prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes: have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Question 8

compare the genetic information of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 8

prokaryotes: DNA is circular and free-floating
eukaryotes: DNA is linear and in the nucleus

Question 9

compare the organisation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 9

prokaryotes: always unicellular
eukaryotes: both unicellular and multicellular

Question 10

give examples of organisms of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 10

prokaryotes: bacteria/archaea
eukaryotes: protists/ yeasts/ animals/ plants

Question 11

2 components of cytoplasm

Answer 11

1. cytosol
2. cytoplasmic organelles

Question 12

cytosol

Answer 12

site of protein synthesis and degradation
it is where the cells intermediary metabolism reactions

Question 13

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

it is a net of tubules and cisternae spread throughout the cytoplasm

Question 14

functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

• production of proteins destined to be secreted
• synthesis of lipids
• calcium storage compartment

Question 15

golgi apparatus

Answer 15

organised structure of flattened cisternae

Question 16

functions of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 16

processing of proteins to be secreted
protein sorting
lipids sorting

Question 17

lysosomes

Answer 17

single membrane organelles, very acidic pH: important for the breakdown of all types of biological polymers

Question 18

mitochondria

Answer 18

double membrane organelles: in the inner membrane of the cristae we have very important enzymes

Question 19

functions of the mitochondria

Answer 19

essential organelle for cell life: energy production
intracellular signaling
apoptosis

Question 20

what happens when the Golgi apparatus receives proteins synthesized in the rER?

Answer 20

proteins are processed and then they will be sorted. they can be directed to the plasma membrane for secretion or to lysosomes

Question 21

how is DNA organized?

Answer 21

linear molecules. DNA is folded on proteins called histones.

Question 22

when are chromosomes visible?

Answer 22

during cell division as they condense

Question 23

draw a chromosome and label the p and q arm

Answer 23

see notes

Question 24

draw an animal cell

Answer 24

see notes

Question 25

what disassembles and then assembles again during cell division?

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

nucleus

Answer 26

surrounded by a double membrane-not continuous: it has nuclear pores which is important for the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 27

what does the nucleus contain?

Answer 27

DNA and accessory proteins: chromatin

Question 28

what are the functions nucleus?

Answer 28

storing the cell’s hereditary material
coordinated the cell’s activities (growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, reproduction/cell division)