Prokayotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
cell theory
- all living things are made up of cells
- the cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things
- all cells come from pre-existing cells by division
- cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
- cells are basically the same in chemical composition
- all energy flow of life occurs within cells
what did Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann state?
all organisms are composed of similar units of organisation called cells
what did Rudolph Virchow state?
all cells only arise from pre-existing cells: spontaneous generation is not true
what are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- size: prokaryotes are usually 3micrometre while plasma cells are around 20micrometer
- The presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes
- intracellular structures in eukaryotes
why can eukaryotic cells be bigger?
due to compartmentalisation of structures
compare the size of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: small (1-5micrometre)
eukaryotes: larger (10-100micrometre)
compare the organelles of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes: have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
compare the genetic information of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: DNA is circular and free-floating
eukaryotes: DNA is linear and in the nucleus
compare the organisation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: always unicellular
eukaryotes: both unicellular and multicellular
give examples of organisms of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: bacteria/archaea
eukaryotes: protists/ yeasts/ animals/ plants
2 components of cytoplasm
- cytosol
- cytoplasmic organelles
cytosol
site of protein synthesis and degradation
it is where the cells intermediary metabolism reactions
endoplasmic reticulum
it is a net of tubules and cisternae spread throughout the cytoplasm
functions of the endoplasmic reticulum
- production of proteins destined to be secreted
- synthesis of lipids
- calcium storage compartment
golgi apparatus
organised structure of flattened cisternae
functions of the Golgi apparatus
processing of proteins to be secreted
protein sorting
lipids sorting
lysosomes
single membrane organelles, very acidic pH: important for the breakdown of all types of biological polymers
mitochondria
double membrane organelles: in the inner membrane of the cristae we have very important enzymes
functions of the mitochondria
essential organelle for cell life: energy production
intracellular signaling
apoptosis
what happens when the Golgi apparatus receives proteins synthesized in the rER?
proteins are processed and then they will be sorted. they can be directed to the plasma membrane for secretion or to lysosomes
how is DNA organized?
linear molecules. DNA is folded on proteins called histones.
when are chromosomes visible?
during cell division as they condense
draw a chromosome and label the p and q arm
see notes
draw an animal cell
see notes
what disassembles and then assembles again during cell division?
nucleus
nucleus
surrounded by a double membrane-not continuous: it has nuclear pores which is important for the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
what does the nucleus contain?
DNA and accessory proteins: chromatin
what are the functions nucleus?
storing the cell’s hereditary material
coordinated the cell’s activities (growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, reproduction/cell division)
