Molecules of Life Flashcards
the general formula of carbohydrates
Cx(H20)y
4 major macromolecules
phospholipids
nucleic acids
protein
polysaccharides
general formula of monosaccharides
(CH2O)n
Aldoses
monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde
Ketoses
monosaccharides that contain a ketone group
draw the structure of glyceraldehyde
see notes
draw the structure of dihydroxyacetone
see notes
5 carbon aldose
ribose
6 carbon aldose
glucose
5 carbon ketose
ribulose
6 carbon ketose
fructose
glycosidic bond
the linkage formed between an aldehyde/ketone of one monosaccharide and the hydroxyl group of another monosaccharide to form a dissacharide
maltose
glucose+ glucose
lactose
galactose + glucose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
oligosaccharides
large linear branched molecules from simple repeating sugars: short chains
polysaccharides
large linear branched molecules from simple repeating sugars: long chain
how is energy released from glycogen?
glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogenesis.
glucose then undergoes glycolysis to form pyruvic acid-> acetyl coA
acetyl coA undergoes the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation which releases energy
describe nucleic acids
they are used as information storage and transmission of information within and outside a cell
they are polymers of nucleotides
draw a nucleotide and label it
see notes
purines
adenine
guanine
pyrimidines
thymine
uracil
cytosine
draw adenine
see notes
draw guanine
see notes
draw thymine
see notes
draw uracil
see notes
draw cytosine
see notes
how are nucleic acids joined together?
by phosphodiester linkage between 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms
why is base pairing and complementarity important?
for DNA replication and mRNA synthesis-> protein production
how many hydrogen bonds can adenine form with thymine?
2
how many hydrogen bonds can cytosine form with guanine?
3
give some functions of proteins
structural
enzymes
transport
immunity
inter-cellular communication
draw the structure of amino acids
see notes
describe the bonds between the carbon that is joined to the amine group
has a high range of flexibility so that all the structure will be flexible
primary protein structure
sequence of a chain of aa-> derive the formation of repetitive patterns
secondary protein structure
hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone which causes the aa to fold into a repeating pattern: alpha helix and beta-sheet
tertiary protein structure
3d folding pattern of a protein due to side-chain interaction
quaternary protein structure
protein consisting of more than one aa chain
what are lipids classified as?
fats
fatty acid esters of glycerol
phospholipids and sphingomyelins
waxes
steroids
palmitic acid
C16
stearic acid
C18 no double bond
oleic acid
C18 double bond
triglycerides
esters derived from glycerol and 3 fatty acids
draw a fatty acid
see notes
draw a glycerol
see notes
steroids
characterised by 4 ring structure
found in cell membranes
can be hormones
waxes
esters made of an alcohol chain and a fatty acid chain
used by plants to prevent water loss
what is the phosphate in triglycerides linked to?
one of a variety of small polar groups such as choline
draw the structure of waxes
see notes
