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Biology OFAs > Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Molecules of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the general formula of carbohydrates

A

Cx(H20)y

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1
Q

4 major macromolecules

A

phospholipids
nucleic acids
protein
polysaccharides

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2
Q

general formula of monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

Aldoses

A

monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde

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4
Q

Ketoses

A

monosaccharides that contain a ketone group

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5
Q

draw the structure of glyceraldehyde

A

see notes

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6
Q

draw the structure of dihydroxyacetone

A

see notes

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7
Q

5 carbon aldose

A

ribose

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8
Q

6 carbon aldose

A

glucose

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9
Q

5 carbon ketose

A

ribulose

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10
Q

6 carbon ketose

A

fructose

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11
Q

glycosidic bond

A

the linkage formed between an aldehyde/ketone of one monosaccharide and the hydroxyl group of another monosaccharide to form a dissacharide

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12
Q

maltose

A

glucose+ glucose

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13
Q

lactose

A

galactose + glucose

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14
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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15
Q

oligosaccharides

A

large linear branched molecules from simple repeating sugars: short chains

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16
Q

polysaccharides

A

large linear branched molecules from simple repeating sugars: long chain

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17
Q

how is energy released from glycogen?

A

glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogenesis.

glucose then undergoes glycolysis to form pyruvic acid-> acetyl coA

acetyl coA undergoes the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation which releases energy

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18
Q

describe nucleic acids

A

they are used as information storage and transmission of information within and outside a cell

they are polymers of nucleotides

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19
Q

draw a nucleotide and label it

A

see notes

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20
Q

purines

A

adenine
guanine

21
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine
uracil
cytosine

22
Q

draw adenine

A

see notes

23
Q

draw guanine

A

see notes

24
Q

draw thymine

A

see notes

25
Q

draw uracil

A

see notes

26
Q

draw cytosine

A

see notes

27
Q

how are nucleic acids joined together?

A

by phosphodiester linkage between 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms

28
Q

why is base pairing and complementarity important?

A

for DNA replication and mRNA synthesis-> protein production

29
Q

how many hydrogen bonds can adenine form with thymine?

A

2

30
Q

how many hydrogen bonds can cytosine form with guanine?

A

3

31
Q

give some functions of proteins

A

structural
enzymes
transport
immunity
inter-cellular communication

32
Q

draw the structure of amino acids

A

see notes

33
Q

describe the bonds between the carbon that is joined to the amine group

A

has a high range of flexibility so that all the structure will be flexible

34
Q

primary protein structure

A

sequence of a chain of aa-> derive the formation of repetitive patterns

35
Q

secondary protein structure

A

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone which causes the aa to fold into a repeating pattern: alpha helix and beta-sheet

36
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

3d folding pattern of a protein due to side-chain interaction

37
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

protein consisting of more than one aa chain

38
Q

what are lipids classified as?

A

fats
fatty acid esters of glycerol
phospholipids and sphingomyelins
waxes
steroids

39
Q

palmitic acid

A

C16

40
Q

stearic acid

A

C18 no double bond

41
Q

oleic acid

A

C18 double bond

42
Q

triglycerides

A

esters derived from glycerol and 3 fatty acids

43
Q

draw a fatty acid

A

see notes

44
Q

draw a glycerol

A

see notes

45
Q

steroids

A

characterised by 4 ring structure
found in cell membranes
can be hormones

46
Q

waxes

A

esters made of an alcohol chain and a fatty acid chain
used by plants to prevent water loss

47
Q

what is the phosphate in triglycerides linked to?

A

one of a variety of small polar groups such as choline

48
Q

draw the structure of waxes

A

see notes

49
Q
A

Biology OFAs (6 decks)

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