Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

What is the cell theory?

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. New cells come from preexisting cells.
3. Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms.

Question 2

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

1. Lacks a membrane bound nucleus.
2. Smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Question 3

What are the types of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

1. Bacteria.
2. Archaea.

Question 4

What is the structure of bacteria?

Answer 4

1. Nucleoid.
2. Ribosomes.
3. Cytoplasm.
4. Cell wall.
5. Glycocalyx.
6. Appendages.
7. Plasma membrane.

Question 5

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Contains a membrane bound nucleus.

Question 6

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 6

Made up of three different types of protein filaments that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.

Question 7

What are three types of protein filaments?

Answer 7

1. Microtubules:
   - helps with cell shape.
   - dynamic instability ( polymerization & depolymerization).
   - organizes cell organelles.
   - assists in cell motility.
2. Intermediate filaments:
   - more stable than microtubules in polymerization & depolymerization.
   - helps with cell shape.
   - anchorage of cells & nuclear membrane.
3. Actin filaments:
   - helps with cell shape.
   - muscle contraction.
   - animal cell division.
   - cell motility.
   - movement of cargo.

Question 8

What is the Endomembrane system?

Answer 8

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Question 9

What’s the nuclear envelope?

Answer 9

Double membrane structure that encloses on the nucleus. Continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Question 10

What’s the nucleus?

Answer 10

1. Contains chromosomes.
2. Contains chromatin.
3. Contains DNA & protein.
   Function: protection, organization, and expression of genetic information.

Question 11

What’s the nucleolus?

Answer 11

In charge of ribosome assembly.

Question 12

What’s the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 12

Network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules or cisternae. Encloses the ER lumen.

Question 13

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 13

1. Rough ER:
   -contains ribosomes.
   - involved in protein sorting and synthesizing.
   - synthesis of plasma membrane.
2. Smooth ER:
   - lacks ribosomes.
   - calcium balance.
   - carbohydrate metabolism.
   - detoxification (liver).
   - synthesis & modification of lipids.

Question 14

What’s the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 14

1. Stack of flattened membrane-bounded compartments which are not continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Function:
   -vesicles transport material between stacks.
   -secretion, processing, and protein sorting.

Question 15

What are lysosomes?

Answer 15

1. Contain hydrolase’s that perform hydrolysis.
2. Autophagy: recycling of worn out organelles by endocytosis.

Question 16

What are vacuoles?

Answer 16

A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance.

Question 17

What are Peroxisomes?

Answer 17

1. Catalyze certain chemical reactions.
2. Catalyze breaks down H2O2 by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen without forming dangerous free radicals.

Question 18

What is chloroplast?

Answer 18

Membrane bound organelle that is in charge of performing photosynthesis.

Question 19

What is mitochondria?

Answer 19

Membrane bound organelle:
- in charge of synthesizing ATP.
- generating heat in brown fat cells.
- synthesizing, modifying, and breaking down certain cellular proteins.