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Prokaryotic diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Distinguish between classification and identification

A

Identification is matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms, and classification is placing organisms in groups of related species.

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2
Q

Describe how to make and use a dichotomous key

A

Identification key based on successive yes or no questions, used to distinguish between physical and functional characteristics.

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3
Q

List the characteristics of proteobacteria

A

Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, five classes (alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria)

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4
Q

List the characteristics shared by alphaproteobacteria

A

They are oligotrophs (can grow with very low levels of nutrients), many have stalks or buds (prosthecae), a few human pathogens.

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5
Q

Alphaproteobacteria-One of the most abundant microorganisms in the ocean, extremely small, rod or crescent-shaped, nonmotile, advantage in low-nutrient environments, important role in Earth’s carbon cycle

A

Pelagibacter

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6
Q

Alphaproteobacteria-Motile bacillus, fix nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants

A

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium

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7
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Motile bacillus, Plant pathogen, causes crown gall disease, inserts plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor

A

Agrobacterium

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8
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Non motile pleomorphic obligate intracellular parasite, causes spotted fevers…R. prowazekii, R typhi, R, richettsii (Rocky mountain spotted fever), transmitted by insect and tick bites

A

Rickettsia

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9
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Nonmotile obligate intracellular parasite, coccoid or ellipsoid, transmitted by ticks, cause ehrlichiosis

A

Ehrlichia

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10
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Motile, pleomorphic, human pathogen, B. henselae (cat-scratch disease)

A

Bartonella

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11
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Motile, coccobacillus, obligate parasite of mammals, survives phagocytosis, causes brucellosis (usually due to consumption of unpasteurized dairy)

A

Brucella

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12
Q

List the characteristics shared by betaproteobacteria

A

They are eutrophs (require copious amounts of organic nutrients), aerobes and anaerobes, Include many human pathogens (some life-threatening)

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13
Q

Betaproteobacteria-Motile bacillus, B. cepacia (degrades more than 100 organic molecules; can grow in disinfectants), B. pseudomallei (causes melioidosis)

A

Burkholderia

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14
Q

Betaproteobacteria- Non motile rods, B. pertussis (whooping cough)

A

Bordatella

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15
Q

Betaproteobacteria- Non motile, flattened diplococci (coffee beans), obligate aerobes, N. gonorrhoeae (gonnorrhea), N. meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis)

A

Neisseria

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16
Q

List the characterisitics shared by gammaproteobacteria

A

Most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes, chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, include important environmental microbes and many human pathogens

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17
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Grows in aquatic sediments; uses gliding motility;can be problematic for sewage treatment, chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S for energy

A

Beggiatoa

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18
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Non motile coccobacillus, F. tularensis (tularemia)

A

Francissela

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19
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Pseudomonadales; motile bacillus opportunistic pathogens; nosocomial infections, commonly found in soil, P. aeruginosa (wound and urinary tract infection)

A

Pseudomonas

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20
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Pseudomonodales; Non motile bacillus, A. baumanii (opportunisitic nosocomial respiratory pathogen, resistant to antibiotics)

A

Acinetobacter

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21
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Legionellales; Motile bacillus, found in streams/warm-water pipes/cooling towers, L. pneumophila (legionellosis/Legionnaires disease)

A

Legionella

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22
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Legionellales; Non motile bacillus, C. burnetti (Q fever, transmitted via aerosols or milk, obligate intracellular pathogen)

A

Coxiella

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23
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Legionellales; Motile curved rods, found in aquatic habitats, V. cholera (cholera), V. parahaemolyticus (gastroenteritis), V. vulnificus (life threatening cellulitis and blood infections), Aliivibrio fischeri (not human pathogen, can cause fluorescence, aquatic animals)

A

Vibrio

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24
Q

Gammapreoteobacteria- Enterobacteriales characteristics

A

Enterics (inhabit the intestinal tract), facultative anareobes that ferment carbohydrates

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25
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile coliform (ferments lactose completely), E. coli (fecal contamination, foodborne illness, uti)

A

Escherichia

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26
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile non coliform, common foodborne illness, S. typhi (typhoid fever)

A

Salmonella

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27
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Nonmotile coliform, causes bacillary dysentery

A

Shigella

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28
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Nonmotile coliform, K. pneumoniae (pneumonia)

A

Klebsiella

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29
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile coliform, produces red pigment, common cause of nosocomial infections, commonly found in showers and bathrooms (moist environments)

A

Serratia

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30
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; non coliform, swarming motility, colonies form concentric rings

A

Proteus

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31
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Non motile coliform, Y. pestis (plague), transmitted via fleas

A

Yersinia

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32
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile coliform, E. cloacae/ E. aerogenes (cause uti and nosocomial infections)

A

Enterobacter

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33
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile noncoliform, plant pathogens

A

Erwinia

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34
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Pasteurellales; Non motile pleomorphic pathogen of domestic animals, P. multocida (transmitted to humans via animal bites)

A

Pasteurella

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35
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Pasteurellales; Non motile coccobacillus, requires X( heme) and V (NAD) factors, H. influenza (meningitits, earaches, epiglottitis)

A

Haemophilus

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36
Q

Distinguish between coliform and non coliform. Give examples for each.

A

Coliform- can ferment lactose completely (Escherichia, serratia, enterobacter) and non coliform bacteria does not ferment lactose completely (Salmonella, proteus, shigella)

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37
Q

List the characteristics of Deltaproteobacteria

A

Noted sulfate reducers and microbes with predatory behavior, sulfate reducers and anaerobic and other groups are aerobes.

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38
Q

Deltaproteobacteria- Famously fast motile bacillus, attack other gram-negative bacteria (predatory)

A

Bdellovibrio

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39
Q

Deltaproteobacteria- Motile bacilli that use sulfur or sulfate instead of O2 as final electron acceptors; aerotolerant, found in anaerobic sediments (bottom of streams) and intestinal tracts

A

Desulfovibrio

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40
Q

Deltaproteobacteria- Myxo-mucus, coccoid bacteria, move by gliding, leave a slime trail, cells aggregate and form a fruiting body containing myxospores

A

Myxobacteria

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41
Q

List the characteristics shared by Epsilonproteobacteria

A

Smallest class of proteobacteria, Helical or curved, microaerophilic

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42
Q

Epsilonproteobacteria- One polar flagellum, C. jejuni (foodborne intestinal disease)

A

Campylobacter

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43
Q

Epsilonproteobacteria- Multiple flagella, causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer

A

Helicobacter

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44
Q

Phototrophs

A

Large diverse group, not a single taxon, proteobacteria and nonproteobacteria, use sunlight for energy, oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesizers

45
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen, gas vesicles that provide buoyancy, unicellular or filamentous, can form biofilms

46
Q

Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen, gas vesicles that provide buoyancy, unicellular or filamentous, can form biofilms

A

Cyanobacteria

47
Q

Purple and green bacteria

A

Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis, use bacteriochlorophylls (green, purple, or blue pigments)

48
Q

Sulfur bacteria

A

sulfite electron donors; release elemental sulfur

49
Q

sulfite electron donors; release elemental sulfur

A

sulfur bacteria

50
Q

Non sulfur bacteria

A

organic electron donors such as succinate and malate

51
Q

organic electron donors such as succinate and malate

A

non sulfur bacteria

52
Q

Green sulfur bacteria

A

Green bacteriochlorophyll pigment stored in chlorosomes (inclusion), Chlorobium produces methane

53
Q

Green non sulfur bacteria

A

Do not use sulfur substrates (organic sulfites, hydrogen), chloroflexus performs anoxygenic photosynthesis and can survive in the dark if oxygen is available

54
Q

Do not use sulfur substrates (organic sulfites, hydrogen), chloroflexus performs anoxygenic photosynthesis and can survive in the dark if oxygen is available

A

Green non sulfur bacteria

55
Q

Green bacteriochlorophyll pigment stored in chlorosomes (inclusion), Chlorobium produces methane

A

Green sulfur bacteria

56
Q

Purple sulfur and purple non sulfur bacteria

A

photosynthetic bacteria, proteobacteria

57
Q

photosynthetic bacteria, proteobacteria

A

Purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria

58
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria

A

Oxidize H2S into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid, bacteriochlorphyll and carotenoid pigments, Chromatium (anaerobic gammaproteobacteria) model for bacterial photosynthesis

59
Q

Oxidize H2S into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid, bacteriochlorphyll and carotenoid pigments, Chromatium (anaerobic gammaproteobacteria) model for bacterial photosynthesis

A

Purple sulfur bacteria

60
Q

Purple nonsulfur bacteria

A

Use hydrogen instead of H2S, Rhodospirillum (anoxygenic, uses organic compounds)

61
Q

Use hydrogen instead of H2S, Rhodospirillum (anoxygenic, uses organic compounds)

A

Purple nonsulfur bacteria

62
Q

CFB group (non proteobacteria/ gram-negative)

A

Cytophaga, Fusobacteria, and Bacteriodes, anaerobic bacilli, similar DNA sequences.

63
Q

CFB group-Cytophaga

A

Degrade cellulose in soil; gliding motility

64
Q

CFB group- Fusobacteria

A

Found in the mouth; cause dental abscesses; non motile

65
Q

CFB group- Bacteroides

A

Found in the mouth and large intestine; non motile, largest genus in CFB group, makes up approximately 30% of the gut microbiome

66
Q

Chlamydiae characteristics

A

non motile, chemoheterotrophs, obligate intracellular parasites, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, grow intracellularly

67
Q

non motile, chemoheterotrophs, obligate intracellular parasites, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, grow intracellularly

A

Chlamydiae

68
Q

Chlamydiae-Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

A

Form an endospore-like elementary body that is infective (once in the host cell, convert to active reticulate bodies), Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma and urethritis), Chlamydophila psittaci (respiratory psittacosis)

69
Q

Form an endospore-like elementary body that is infective (once in the host cell, convert to active reticulate bodies), Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma and urethritis), Chlamydophila psittaci (respiratory psittacosis)

A

Chlamydiae-Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

70
Q

Spirochetes

A

Motile gram-negative nonproteobacteria, coiled and move via axial filaments

71
Q

Spirochetes-T. pallidum (syphilis)

A

Treponema

72
Q

Spirochetes-Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease

A

Borrelia

73
Q

Spirochetes-Excreted in animal urine

A

Leptospira

74
Q

Firmicutes

A

Low G+C ratios, gram-positive

75
Q

Low G+C ratios, gram-positive

A

Firmicutes

76
Q

Actinobacteria

A

High G+C ratios, gram-positive, often pleomorphic, branching filaments, often common inhabitants of soil

77
Q

High G+C ratios, gram-positive, often pleomorphic, branching filaments, often common inhabitants of soil

A

Actinobacteria

78
Q

Firmicute-Clostridiales; Endospore-producing rods, obligate anaerobes, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile

A

Clostridium

79
Q

Firmicute-Clostridiales; Can be seen with the unaided eye, daughter cells form within the parent cell; no binary fission

A

Epulopiscium

80
Q

Firmicute-Bacillales; Mostly motile, endospore-producing rods, aerobic of facultatively anaerobic, B. anthracis (anthrax), B. thuringiensis (insect pathogen), B. cereus (food poisoning)

A

Bacillus

81
Q

Firmicute-Bacillales; Forms grape like clusters, S. aureus (wound infections, often antibiotic resistant, produces endotoxin)

A

Staphylococcus

82
Q

Firmicute-Lactobacillales characteristics

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes, produce lactic acid from simple carbohydrates

83
Q

Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Colonize the body and are used commercially in food production

A

Lactobacillus

84
Q

Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Spherical chains, produces enzymes that destroy tissue, beta-hemolytic streptococci hemolyze blood agar, includes S. pyogenes(pyogenic); non beta hemolytic streptococci include S. pneumoniae and S. mutans (dental caries)

A

Streptococcus

85
Q

Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Motile cocci or ovoid, found in intestinal tract, hospital contaminants, E. faecalis and E. faecium infect surgical wounds and urinary tract

A

Enterococcus

86
Q

Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Motile bacillus, L. monocytogenes contaminates food/ can cross the placenta; can cause disease in immunocompromised patients and elderly

A

Listeria

87
Q

Firmicute-Mycoplasmatales characteristics

A

Lack a cell wall; pleomorphic

88
Q

Firmicute-Mycoplamatales; causes mild pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

89
Q

Actinobacteria-outermost layer of mycolic acids that are waxy and water resistant, often slow growing, M. tuberculosis (tuberculosis), M. leprae (leprosy), acid-fast

A

Mycobacterium

90
Q

Actinobacteria-nonmotile rod or club-shaped, C. diphtheriae (diphtheria)

A

Corynebacterium

91
Q

Actinobacteria-nonmotile bacilli, forms propionic acid, P. acnes (acne)

A

Propionibacterium

92
Q

Actinobacteria-nonmotile coccobacilli, G. vaginalis (vaginitis)

A

Gardnerella

93
Q

Actinobacteria- Filamentous bacteria that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on tree roots

A

Frankia

94
Q

Actinobacteria-Isolated from soil; produce most antibiotics; conidiospores

A

Streptomyces

95
Q

Actinobacteria-Form filaments in the mouth and throat;destroy tissue

A

Actinomyces

96
Q

Actinobacteria-Form fragmenting filaments, N. asteroides (pulmonary infections), acid-fast

A

Nocardia

97
Q

Deeply branching bacteria

A

Close relatives to last universal common ancestor

98
Q

Deeply branching bacteria-More resistant to radiation than endospores, non-motile gram-positive cocci, typically form tetrads

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

99
Q

Deeply branching bacteria- non motile gram-negative bacillus, found in hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, TAQ polymerase used in PCR

A

Thermus aquaticus

100
Q

Diversity within the Archaea

A

Distinct taxonomic grouping; lack peptidoglycan, not prokaryotes

101
Q

Extremophiles

A

Halophiles and Thermophiles

102
Q

Require salt concentration greater than 25%

A

Halophile

103
Q

Require growth temperature greater than 80 degrees celcius

A

Thermophile

104
Q

Methanogens

A

Anaerobic; produce methane

105
Q

Crenarchaeota

A

aquatic archaea, mostly hypothermophiles

106
Q

Crenarchaeota- Sulfolobus

A

Thermophilic acidophiles

107
Q

Euryarchaeota

A

methanogens and halophiles

108
Q

Euryarchaeota-Halobacterium salinarum

A

May be the oldest living organism on Earth

Microbiology (7 decks)

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