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Microbiology > Mechanisms of Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause disease

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2
Q

Define Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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3
Q

Define portal of entry

A

How a pathogen enters the host

  • Mucous membranes
  • Skin
  • Parenteral Route (Deposited directly into tissues when barriers are penetrated)
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4
Q

Define ID50

A

Infectious dose for 50% of a sample population

-Measures virulence of a microbe

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5
Q

Define LD50

A

Lethal dose for 50% of a sample population

-Measures potency of a toxin

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6
Q

Define adherence

A

The process in which pathogens attach to host tissues

-aka adhesion

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7
Q

Define Biofilm

A

Microbial communities that share nutrients

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8
Q

Identify the portals of entry that pathogens use to gain entry into the body

A
  • Mucous membranes
  • Skin
  • Parenteral route
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9
Q

Give examples of how pathogens adhere to host cells

A

Adhesins (ligands) on the pathogen bind to receptors on the host cells–Glycocalyx and fimbriae

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10
Q

How does M protein contribute to virulence?

A

Resists phagocytosis (Ex: Streptococcus pyogenes)

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11
Q

How does Opa protein contribute to virulence?

A

Allows attachment to host cells (Ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

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12
Q

How does mycolic acid contribute to virulence?

A

Resists digestion (Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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13
Q

How does coagulase contribute to virulence?

A

Coagulate fibrinogen

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14
Q

How do kinases contribute to virulence?

A

Digest fibrin clots(fibrinolysin/streptokinase)

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15
Q

How does hyaluronidase contribute to virulence?

A

Digests polysaccharides that hold cells together

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16
Q

How does collagenase contribute to virulence?

A

Breaks down collagen

17
Q

How does IgA protease contribute to virulence?

A

Destroy IgA antibodies

18
Q

How does antigenic variation contribute to virulence?

A

Pathogens alter their surface antigens rendering antibodies ineffective Body mounts an immune response to one antigen, pathogen changes antigen and evades immune response

19
Q

How do invasins contribute to virulence?

A

Surface proteins produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments of the cytoskeleton
-Cause membrane ruffling and engulfing of bacteria

20
Q

How do biofilms contribute to virulence?

A
  • Play a role in evading phagocytes

* Biofilm bacteria more resistant to phagocytosis, shielded by extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) of biofilm

21
Q

How do siderophores contribute to virulence?

A
  • Iron is required for most pathogenic bacteria

* Siderophores are proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells

22
Q

Describe the ways in which pathogens cause direct damage to host cells.

A
  • Disrupts host cell function
  • Uses host cell nutrients
  • Produces waste products
  • Multiplies in host cells and causes ruptures
23
Q

Define Toxin

A

Poisonous substances produced by microorganisms

-Produce fever, cardiovascular problems, diarrhea, and shock

24
Q

Define toxigenicity

A

The ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin

25
Q

Define toxemia

A

Presence of toxin in the host’s blood

26
Q

Define intoxication

A

Presence of toxin without microbial growth

27
Q

Define antitoxin

A

Antibodies against specific exotoxins

28
Q

Define toxoid

A

Inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines

29
Q

Compare and contrast exotoxins and exotoxins and give examples of each

A
  • Exotoxins are proteins produced and secreted by bacteria–Soluble in bodily fluids; destroy host cells and inhibit metabolic functions (A-B toxins)
  • Endotoxins are released during bacterial multiplication and when gram-negative bacteria die–Stimulate macrophages to release cytokines–Cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (Lipid A part of LPS of gram-negative bacteria)
30
Q

Describe how A-B toxin works

A

contain an enzyme component (A part) and a binding component (B part)–Diphtheria toxin

31
Q

Explain what a genotoxin is and how it exerts its effects

A

damage DNA (causing mutations, disrupting cell division, and leading to cancer)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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