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Microbiology > Eukaryotic Diversity > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define mycology

A

The study of fungi

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A

Chemoheterotrophs (decompose organic matter), aerobic or facultative anaerobic, sterols present in cell membrane, cell walls made of glucans, mannans, or chitin (no peptidoglycan), sexual and asexual reproductive spores.

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3
Q

Describe the basic structure of fungi

A

Body of the fungi is the thallus, consists of hyphae filaments; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium

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4
Q

Fungi structure-Septate hyphae

A

Contain crosswalls

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5
Q

Fungi structure- Coenocytic hyphae

A

Do not contain septa

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6
Q

Fungi structure- Vegetative hyphae

A

Obtain nutrients while aerial hyphae are involved with reproduction

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7
Q

Yeasts

A

non filamentous and unicellular

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8
Q

Budding yeasts

A

Divide unevenly

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9
Q

Fission yeasts

A

Divide evenly

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10
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Yeast-like at 37 degrees celcius and mold-like at 25 degrees celcius

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11
Q

Asexual apores

A

produced via mitosis and cell division

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12
Q

Conidiospore (asexual spore)

A

Not enclosed in a sac

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13
Q

Arthroconidia (asexual spore)

A

Fragmentation of septate hyphae

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14
Q

Blastconidia (asexual spore)

A

Buds of the parent cell

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15
Q

Chlamydoconidium (asexual spore)

A

Spore within a hyphal segment

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16
Q

Sporangiospore (asexual spore)

A

Enclosed in a sac

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17
Q

Sexual spores

A

Fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains, Three phases of sexual reproduction-Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, and Meiosis

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18
Q

Plasmogamy (sexual reproduction phase 1)

A

Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-) forming ZYGOSPORANGIUM

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19
Q

Karyogamy (sexual reproduction phase 2)

A

(+) and (-) nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote

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20
Q

Meiosis (sexual reproduction phase 3)

A

Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

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21
Q

Nutritional adaptations of fungi

A

Grow better at pH of 5, grow in high sugar and salt concentration; resistant to osmotic pressure, can grow in low moisture content, and can metabolize complex carbohydrates

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22
Q

Zygomycota

A

Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae, produced asexually (sporangiospore), produced sexually (zygospore), can cause Mucor (necrotizing infections in humans)

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23
Q

Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae, produced asexually (sporangiospore), produced sexually (zygospore), can cause Mucor (necrotizing infections in humans)

A

Zygomycota

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24
Q

Microsporidia

A

No sexual reproduction is observed but probably occurs in host, no mitochondria, obligate intracellular parasite, Enterocystozoan bieneusi (diarrhea, cholecystitis)

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25
Q

No sexual reproduction is observed but probably occurs in host, no mitochondria, obligate intracellular parasite, Enterocystozoan bieneusi (diarrhea, cholecystitis)

A

Microsporidia

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26
Q

Ascomycota

A

Sac fungi, septate hyphae; Teleomorphic (produce asexual and sexual spores), some are anamorphic (lost ability to sexually reproduce), Produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via ascospore, Aspergillus flavus/ candida albicans

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27
Q

Ascospore (sexual spore)

A

Nuclei fuse in a saclike ascus

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28
Q

Sac fungi, septate hyphae; Teleomorphic (produce asexual and sexual spores), some are anamorphic (lost ability to sexually reproduce), Produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via ascospore, Aspergillus flavus/ candida albicans

A

Ascomycota

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29
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Club fungi, septate hyphae, produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via basidiospores, Cryptococcus neoformans

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30
Q

Basidiospores (sexual spore)

A

Formed externally on a base pedestal called basidium

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31
Q

Club fungi, septate hyphae, produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via basidiospores, Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Basidiomycota

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32
Q

Mycosis

A

Fungal infection

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33
Q

Systemic mycoses (fungal disease)

A

Affect internal organs

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34
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses (fungal disease)

A

Beneath the skin

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35
Q

Cutaneous mycoses (fungal disease)

A

Affect hair, skin, and nails

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36
Q

Superficial mycoses (fungal disease)

A

Localized (e.g. hair shafts)

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37
Q

Opportunistic mycoses (fungal disease)

A

Fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in compromised host

38
Q

What are some of the economic benefits of fungi?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers/brewers yeast) bread, wine, hepatits B vaccine; Trichoderma (cellulase); Taxomyces (Taxol); Entomophaga (Biocontrol of insects); Coniothyrium minitans (kills fungi on crops); Paecilomyces (kills termites)

39
Q

Lichens?

A

Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus

40
Q

Lichen-Crustose

A

Encrusted on the substration (surface)

41
Q

Lichen- Foliose

A

Leaf-like

42
Q

Lichen- Fruticose

A

Finger-like

43
Q

What is the basic structure of a lichen?

A

Medulla (hyphae grown around algal cells), Rhizines or holdfasts (hyphae projections below the body), and cortex (protective coating over the algal layer.

44
Q

What does the alga in lichens produce?

A

Produces and secretes carbohydrates

45
Q

What does the fungus provide in lichens?

A

Holdfast (root-like structure)

46
Q

What are some economic benefits of lichens?

A

dyes, antimicrobial (Usnea), litmus (orchils), food for herbivores

47
Q

What are the basic characteristics of algae?

A

Not a taxonomic group, unicellular or filamentous photoautotrophs; Mostly aquatic (water is necessary for growth and reproduction); Locations depend on nutrient availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces to attach.

48
Q

Describe the basic structure of algae

A

Lack roots, stems, and leaves; Thallus (body of multicellular algae consists of holdfasts, stipes, and blades)

49
Q

Brown algae (kelp)

A

Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls, multicellular and macroscopic, produce ALGIN (a thickener used in foods), not pathogenic

50
Q

Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls, multicellular and macroscopic, produce ALGIN (a thickener used in foods), not pathogenic

A

Brown algae (kelp)

51
Q

Red algae

A

Have branched thalli, most are multicellular, harvested for agar and carrageenan, some produce a lethal toxin

52
Q

Have branched thalli, most are multicellular, harvested for agar and carrageenan, some produce a lethal toxin

A

Red algae

53
Q

Green algae

A

Cellulose cell walls, unicellular or multicellular, chlorophyll a and b, store starch, gave rise to terrestrial plants

54
Q

Cellulose cell walls, unicellular or multicellular, chlorophyll a and b, store starch, gave rise to terrestrial plants

A

Green algae

55
Q

Diatoms

A

Pectin and silica cell walls, unicellular or filamentous, store oil, produce domoic acid (neurological disease)

56
Q

Pectin and silica cell walls, unicellular or filamentous, store oil, produce domoic acid (neurological disease)

A

Diatoms

57
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Cellulose in plasma membrane, unicellular, neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

58
Q

Oomycota (water molds)

A

Cellulose cell walls, chemoheterotrophic, produce zoospores, decomposers and plant parasites (Phytophthora infestans was responsible for Irish potato blight)

59
Q

Cellulose in plasma membrane, unicellular, neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

A

Dinoflagellates

60
Q

Cellulose cell walls, chemoheterotrophic, produce zoospores, decomposers and plant parasites (Phytophthora infestans was responsible for Irish potato blight)

A

Oomycota

61
Q

Describe the environmental roles of algae

A

Fix CO2 into organic molecules, produce 80% of Earth’s O2, oil production, symbionts of animals, algal blooms are increase in plantonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen

62
Q

Describe the basic characteristics of protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotes, inhabit water and soil, animal-like nutrition, complex life cycles, feeding and growing form is trophozoite, asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission), sexual reproduction via conjugation, some produce a cyst to survive adverse conditions, require large supply of water, many have an outer protective pellicle requiring specialized structure to take in food (ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike cytosome), amoebae phagocytize food, food is digested in vacuoles and wastes eliminated through an anal pore

63
Q

Trophozoite

A

Feeding and growing form of protozoa

64
Q

Schizogony

A

Multiple fission

65
Q

What do some protozoa produce to survive adverse conditions?

A

Cysts

66
Q

Excavata-Diplomonads

A

No mitochondria; multiple flagella, Giardia lamblia (giardiasis)

67
Q

Excavata- Parabasalids

A

No mitochondria; undulating membrane; no cyst stage, Trichomona vaginales (vaginitis)

68
Q

Excavata-Euglenozoa

A

Photoautotrophs of facultative chemotrophs, Hemoflagellates (transmitted by bites of blood feeding insects), Trpanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness/ no cyst stage), T. cruzi (chagas disease/ no cyst stage)

69
Q

Amoebae

A

Move by extending pseudopods, Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery), Acanthamoeba (cause blindness/infects corneas), Balamuthia (granulomatous amoebic encephalitis)

70
Q

Apicomplexa

A

Non motile, obligate intracellular parasites, complex life cycles, most form cysts, Toxoplasma gondii (transmitted by cats;causes fetal infections)

71
Q

Apicomplexa-Cryptosporidium

A

Transmitted via feces, causes waterborne illness

72
Q

Apicomplexa-Plasmodium

A

Causes malaria; sexually reproduces in the Anopheles mosquito, mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite, schizogony in the liver; merozoites are produced, Merozoites infect RBCs, forming a ring stage inside the cell, RBCs rupture and merozoites infect new RBCs

73
Q

Ciliates

A

Move by cilia arranged in precise rows, Balantidium coli (only human parasite; causes dysentery)

74
Q

Cellular slime molds

A

Asexual reproduction; resemble amoeba, ingest fungi and bacteria by phagocytosis, cells aggregate to form stalks and spore caps that differentiate into spores

75
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A

Asexual and sexual repoduction; mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei, moves as a giant amoeba, cytoplasmic streaming (protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients)

76
Q

Describe the basic characteristics ofHelminths

A

Multicellular eukaryotic animals, parasitic worms, specialized to live in hosts, may lack digestive system, reduced nervous system, reduced or lacking locomotion, complex reproductive system

77
Q

How many phyla of Helminth are there and what are they?

A

Two phyla- Platyhelminths (flatworms) and nematoda (roundworms)

78
Q

Helminth life cycle- Dioecious

A

Separate male and female

79
Q

Helminth life cycle- Monoecious (hermaphroditic)

A

Male and female reproductive systems in one animal

80
Q

Helminth life cycle

A

Egg…Larva(e)…Adult

81
Q

Platyhelminth-Trematodes (flukes)

A

Leaf-shaped, ventral and oral sucker, absorb food through cuticle covering, Paragonimus spp. (lung fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke), and Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)

82
Q

Leaf-shaped, ventral and oral sucker, absorb food through cuticle covering, Paragonimus spp. (lung fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke), and Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)

A

Trematodes-flukes (platyhelminth)

83
Q

Platyheminth-Cestodes (tapeworms)

A

Scolex (head that has suckers for attachment), absorb food through cuticle, Proglottids (body segments), contain male and female reproductive organs, humans as definitive hosts, eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall, produce cysticerci, Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

84
Q

Scolex (head that has suckers for attachment), absorb food through cuticle, Proglottids (body segments), contain male and female reproductive organs, humans as definitive hosts, eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall, produce cysticerci, Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

A

Cestode- tapeworm- Platyheminth

85
Q

Nematodes- roundworms

A

Cylindrical; complete digestive system, dioecious (male contain spicules), free-living or parasitic, eggs infective for humans (Ascaris lumbricoides-infect intestines, Thricanella spiralis-trichinosis;undercooked meat, Enterobius vermiculares-pinworm), Larvae infective for humans (Necator americanus-hookworm, Dirofilaria immitis-mosquito vector;heartworm)

86
Q

Cylindrical; complete digestive system, dioecious (male contain spicules), free-living or parasitic, eggs infective for humans (Ascaris lumbricoides-infect intestines, Thricanella spiralis-trichinosis;undercooked meat, Enterobius vermiculares-pinworm), Larvae infective for humans (Necator americanus-hookworm, Dirofilaria immitis-mosquito vector;heartworm)

A

Nematodes-roundworms

87
Q

Arthropods

A

Animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs

88
Q

Vectors

A

Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms (mosquitoes/ticks), mechanical transmission and biological transmission (pathogen multiplies in vector)

89
Q

Classes of vectors

A

Arachnida- eight legs
Crustacea- four antennae
Insecta-Six legs

90
Q

Definitive host

A

Microbe’s sexual reproduction takes place in vector

Microbiology (7 decks)

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