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Medical Microbiology > Prokaryotic Cell Structures - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell Structures - Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of every prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA, membranes, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

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2
Q

What are the components of the cell true in?

A

Bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths

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3
Q

What are the components of the cell not true in?

A

Viruses as they can lack a plasma membrane, ribosomes, or DNA

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4
Q

What is the component of the cell that viruses have?

A

Cytoplasm as they will take some of the host cell’s cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is not in prokaryotes that are in eukaryotes?

A

Membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus

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6
Q

Why are viruses not considered cells?

A

They can’t independently translate proteins, they exclusively rely on a host cell

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7
Q

What does a nucleoid contain?

A

Chromosomes and nuclear-associated proteins

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8
Q

What can you look for to find the nucleoid?

A

DNA

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9
Q

What are chromosomes usually in prokaryotes?

A

Haploid and circular

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10
Q

Haploid

A

One copy of the chromosome

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11
Q

What are chromosomes usually in eukaryotes?

A

Diploid and linear

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12
Q

How many chromosomes are in humans

A

23 unique chromosomes or 24 unique chromosomes in males (1 X, 1Y)

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13
Q

What is the nucleoid NOT?

A

It is not a nucleus or membrane-bound

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14
Q

What can plasmid also be referred to as?

A

Bonus DNA

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15
Q

What is the plasmid?

A

Circular double-stranded DNA

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16
Q

What is the size comparison between chromosomes and plasmid?

A

They are much smaller than bacterial chromosomes

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17
Q

Where is the plasmid located?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm

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18
Q

How many plasmids can you have?

A

1-100s, you can have multiple unique plasmids and multiple of the same plasmids

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19
Q

What do plasmids encode for?

A

Antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors

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20
Q

Virulence factors

A

Different things that help bacteria infect us better

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21
Q

Is plasmid a part of the chromosome?

A

No

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22
Q

What does the ribosome do?

A

Protein synthesis

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23
Q

What is the ribosome made up of?

A

Proteins and RNA

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24
Q

What are the parts of a ribosome?

A

The large and small subunit

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25
Q

What is the size of the small subunit in prokaryotes?

A

30S

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26
Q

What is the size of the large subunit in prokaryotes?

A

50S

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27
Q

What is the total size of the ribosome in prokaryotes?

A

70S

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28
Q

What is the size of the small subunit in eukaryotes?

A

40S

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29
Q

What is the size of the large subunit in eukaryotes?

A

60S

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30
Q

What is the total size of the ribosome in eukaryotes?

A

80S

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31
Q

What is used to sequence in prokaryotes?

A

16S rRNA

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32
Q

What is used to sequence in eukaryotes?

A

18S rRNA

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33
Q

What does S stand for in the unit of the subunit?

A

Svenbergs

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34
Q

What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes have in common?

A

They both use mRNA to make proteins and are composed of proteins and RNA

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35
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

-The size of the subunits (Prokaryotic - 30S, 50S, 70S Eukaryotic - 40S, 60S, 80S)
-What’s used for sequencing (Prokaryotic - 16S, Eukaryotic - 18S)
-The position (Prokaryotic - free-floating, Eukaryotic - free-floating or attached to the ER membrane)

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36
Q

Are inclusions in all bacteria?

A

No, they are not

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37
Q

Inclusions

A

Storage of nutrients, etc., similar to vesicles as we move things around in them, protein coat (shell) instead of lipid

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38
Q

Why do we have inclusions?

A

There are no membrane-bound organelles

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39
Q

What are the types of inclusions?

A

Lipid droplets, volutin, sulfur inclusions, gas bubbles, and magnetosomes

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40
Q

Lipid Droplets

A

Lipid storage

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41
Q

Volutin

A

Storage of inorganic phosphates, inclusion

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42
Q

Why do we want phosphates?

A

To make ATP for respiration

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43
Q

Sulfur Inclusions

A

Storage of sulfur, electron acceptor if there is no oxygen

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44
Q

What are sulfur inclusions used for?

A

Metabolism

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45
Q

Gas Bubbles

A

Inclusion that controls buoyancy

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46
Q

What are gas bubbles equivalent to?

A

Swim bladder

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47
Q

What are gas bubbles found in?

A

Aquatic bacteria as it helps them move

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48
Q

Magnetosomes

A

Bacteria that are magnetic, aid in movement as they can move towards or away from a pole

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49
Q

What do magnetosomes contain?

A

Magnetic metals such as iron oxide or iron sulfide

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50
Q

Are endospores in every bacteria?

A

No, they are not

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51
Q

Where are endospores found?

A

Inside the bacteria

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52
Q

Endospore Function

A

Protect bacteria in a dormant state from dying

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53
Q

What genera produce endospores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridia

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54
Q

How do endospores form?

A

The bacteria are lysed open, the bacteria technically die in this process

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55
Q

Sporulation

A

Process of becoming dormant/making endospores

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56
Q

Germination

A

Process of becoming active, happens in nutrient-rich and moist environments

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57
Q

When does sporulation occur?

A

When the bacteria are in a nutrient-poor or dry environment

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58
Q

Sporulation Steps

A

DNA replication, membranes form around the DNA, forespore forms additional membranes, protective cortex forms around the spore, protein coat forms around the cortex, spore is released

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59
Q

Cortex

A

The first protein coat

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60
Q

What does the protein coat around the cortex do?

A

It locks in moisture so that osmosis doesn’t occur

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61
Q

What is a characteristic of the plasma membrane?

A

Semi-permeable

62
Q

Plasma Membrane Composition

A

Composed of lipids and proteins

63
Q

Plasma Membrane Function

A

It controls transport into and out of the cell

64
Q

What are the kinds of membrane transport?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis

65
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Have sticky carbohydrates to interact with different surfaces

66
Q

Endocytosis

A

Only in eukaryotes, invaginates things into the membrane

67
Q

What does endocytosis need to occur?

A

A vesicle, a membrane-bound organelle, which bacteria lack

68
Q

Sterols

A

Cholesterol or ergosterol

69
Q

What are sterols unique to?

A

Eukaryotes

70
Q

What is cholesterol found in?

A

Humans

71
Q

What is ergosterol found in?

A

Fungi

72
Q

Diffusion

A

Used in bacteria, high to low concentrations

73
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Move from areas of high to low concentrations without any help

74
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Move from areas of high to low concentrations, normally large molecules are transported this way as they can’t pass through the membrane and need the help of a protein channel

75
Q

Active Transport

A

Move from areas of low to high concentrations, requires energy as it’s moving against the gradient

76
Q

Cell Wall Function

A

Creates a rigid structure that protects the cell from harsh environments

77
Q

What does the cell wall contain in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

78
Q

What are the types of bacteria?

A

Gram-negative and gram-positive

79
Q

What does the cell wall contain in plants?

A

Cellulose

80
Q

Periplasmic Space/Periplasm

A

Space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane

81
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Thick cell wall -> more protective, but also more vulnerable to temperature changes, detergents, and soaps

82
Q

What do gram-positive bacteria have?

A

Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

83
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Thin cell wall and an outer membrane

84
Q

Outer Membrane

A

A bonus membrane that is more permeable to different types of molecules compared to the plasma membrane, contains special glycolipids

85
Q

What do gram-negative bacteria have?

A

LPS which is the lipid part embedded in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane

86
Q

Mycoplasma sp

A

Lack a cell wall so to determine the category it has to go through 16S sequencing

87
Q

Peptidoglycan Types

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), and tetrapeptide

88
Q

What peptide is only in gram-positive bacteria?

A

Pentapeptide

89
Q

Tetrapeptide

A

Link peptides

90
Q

Pentapeptides

A

Help stack top to bottom to get a thicker peptidoglycan, gram-positive

91
Q

How do gram-negative bacteria connect their peptides?

A

Through horizontal connections to get a thinner peptidoglycan

92
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Structural component of the outer membrane, a toxin that over-activates the immune response, gram-negative bacteria

93
Q

What part of LPS is toxic?

A

The lipid portion

94
Q

Are the majority of the gut bacteria gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Gram-negative

95
Q

When does LPS have a toxic effect?

A

It is embedded in the membrane so it has to come out of the membrane to have a toxic effect

96
Q

What removes LPS from the membrane?

A

Enzymes such as antibiotics, disruption by soaps, or cell division

97
Q

What projects off the surface of the cell?

A

Carbohydrates are on the outer membrane, O antigen, and core

98
Q

Where are lipids embedded?

A

Lipids are embedded in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane closer to the fatty acid side

99
Q

Gram Stain Process

A

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin

100
Q

Crystal Violet Stain

A

Primary stain added to the specimen smear

101
Q

What effect does crystal violet stain have on cells?

A

It stains both gram-positive and gram-negative cells purple or blue

102
Q

Iodine Stain

A

Mordant makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls, helps dye stick better

103
Q

What effect does iodine have on cells?

A

Cells remain purple or blue

104
Q

Alcohol Stain

A

Decolorizer/destainer washes away stains from gram-negative cell walls

105
Q

What effect does alcohol have on cells?

A

Gram-positive cells remain purple or blue. Gram-negative cells are colorless.

106
Q

Safranin Stain

A

Counterstain/secondary stain which allows dye to adhere to gram-negative cells

107
Q

What effect does safranin have on cells?

A

Gram-positive cells remain purple or blue. Gram-negative cells appear pink or red.

108
Q

Are acid-fast bacteria gram-negative or gram-positive?

A

Gram-positive as it has a plasma membrane and layer of peptidoglycan

109
Q

What happens when acid-fast bacteria stain?

A

It won’t stain gram-positive as it has an extra layer called mycolic acid

110
Q

Mycolic Acid

A

Waxy substance which prevents gram stain dyes to penetrate

111
Q

Acid Fast Stain

A

Dyes mycolic acid red as it’s specific to mycobacterium s.p.

112
Q

Mycobacterium s.p.

A

Bacteria causing TB and leprosy

113
Q

Glycocalyces

A

Capsule or slime layer

114
Q

What do glycocalyces help in?

A

Help bacteria stick to surfaces and aid in biofilm formation

115
Q

Biofilm

A

Communities of bacteria living together

116
Q

What is the s-layer commonly found in?

A

Archaea

117
Q

S-Layer

A

Substitute cell wall

118
Q

Fimbriae

A

Short bristle-like protein projections off the cell, coat the bacteria

119
Q

Fimbriae Function

A

Help bacteria adhere to surfaces

120
Q

Pili

A

Medium-length protein projections, less numerous

121
Q

Pili Function

A

Help bacteria adhere to surfaces and aid in DNA transfer -> specifically plasmid DNA (conjugation)

122
Q

Flagellum

A

Longest protein projections

123
Q

Flagellum Function

A

Aid in movement

124
Q

What are flagellum made of?

A

The protein flagellin which are eukaryotic flagella made of actin and microtubules

125
Q

Types of Flagella

A

Monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous

126
Q

Monotrichous

A

One flagella

127
Q

Amphitrichous

A

One flagella at each end, two together

128
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Several flagella at the same end

129
Q

Peritrichous

A

Lots of flagella are found everywhere

130
Q

What do gram-positive bacteria have to pass through?

A

Peptidoglycan and the inner membrane

131
Q

What do gram-negative bacteria have to pass through?

A

2 membranes with peptidoglycan in the middle

132
Q

What are flagella and cilia made up of?

A

Actin and tubulin

133
Q

What do flagella and cilia form?

A

Bundles that project out of the cell

134
Q

What are cilia similar to?

A

Fimbriae

135
Q

Where are cilia not found?

A

Not found in prokaryotes

136
Q

How do bacteria move?

A

Tumbling or running of flagella (like a motor to propel them forward)

137
Q

Tumbling of Bacteria

A

Clockwise rotation of flagella, causes flagella to splay which will slow down, turn it, or stop it

138
Q

Running of Bacteria

A

Counter-clockwise rotation of flagella, flagella bundle together, bacteria move forward

139
Q

What do bacteria follow when moving?

A

Nutrients or other signals

140
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Moving toward or away from a chemical

141
Q

Bacteria Shapes

A

Coccus, bacillus, vibrio, coccobacillus, spirillum, and spirochete

142
Q

Coccus Shape

A

Round

143
Q

Bacillus Shape

A

Rod-shaped

144
Q

Vibrio Shape

A

Curved rods

145
Q

Coccobacillus Shape

A

Short rod, ovalish shape

146
Q

Spirillum Shape

A

Wave-shape

147
Q

Spirochete Shape

A

Coil

148
Q

Diplococcus

A

Pair of 2 cocci

149
Q

Tetrad

A

Grouping of 4 cells arranged in a square

150
Q

Streptococcus

A

Chain of cocci

151
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Cluster of cocci

152
Q

Streptobacillus

A

Chain of rods

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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