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Medical Microbiology > Introduction and History of Microbiology - Chapter 1` > Flashcards

Introduction and History of Microbiology - Chapter 1` Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does microbiology encompass?

A

Virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology

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1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Study of microorganisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or acellular

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2
Q

Unicellular

A

Single-cell

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3
Q

Multicellular

A

Cell colony

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4
Q

Acellular

A

Lacking cells

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5
Q

What are examples of acellular things?

A

Prions and viruses

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6
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses

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7
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

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8
Q

Protistology

A

Study of protists

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9
Q

Protists

A

Unicellular, eukaryotic microbes

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10
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

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11
Q

Immunology

A

How our body handles microbes

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12
Q

Parasitology

A

Covers eukaryotic pathogens

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13
Q

What is included in parasitology?

A

Protists and helminths

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14
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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15
Q

Bacteria Microbes

A

All are microbes

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16
Q

Archaea Microbes

A

All are microbes

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17
Q

Eukarya Microbes

A

Some are microbes

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18
Q

Are all microbes in the tree of life?

A

No, some are viruses or prions

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19
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular, noncellular organisms, no domain

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20
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins

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21
Q

Prokaryote Domains

A

Bacteria and archaea

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22
Q

Eukaryotes Domains

A

Eukarya

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23
Q

Prokaryote Classification

A

Unicellar, lack a nucleus, and must have a cell wall

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24
Q

Eukaryote Classification

A

Unicellular or multicellular, contain a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles

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25
Q

What are the types of eukaryotes?

A

Fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths

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26
Q

Fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular, can be yeast, NOT mushrooms

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27
Q

Helminths

A

Worms, they are often spread in larval form (microscopic)

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28
Q

Do all microbes cause infectious diseases?

A

No, not all microbes cause infectious diseases

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29
Q

Size of microbes

A

They are very small ranging from 0.1nm to 1mm

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30
Q

What microscope will we use to observe microbes?

A

We will be using a light microscope, but an electron microscope can also be used

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31
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The idea that life arises from non-living matter

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32
Q

What are the observations that led to spontaneous generation?

A

-Where there is dust fleas arise
-Where there is rotting meat there are maggots
-Where there is flooding frogs appear
-In grain storage areas mice appear

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33
Q

What observation was Francesco Redi’s experiment based on?

A

The idea of where there are meats there are maggots

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34
Q

Francesco Redi’s Experiment

A

There were 3 experimental conditions:
-Meat in an open container
-Meat in a cork-sealed container
-Meal in a gauze-sealed container

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35
Q

What happened to the meat in the open container?

A

Flies appeared and maggots formed

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36
Q

What happened to the meat in the cork-sealed container?

A

No flies or formation of maggots as they couldn’t smell the meat

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37
Q

What happened to the meat in the gauze-sealed container?

A

Flies appeared and there was no formation of maggots on the meat, but rather the formation of maggots on the gauze

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38
Q

What was the conclusion of Francesco Redi’s Experiment?

A

Maggots come from flies and are not spontaneously generated.
Refutes spontaneous generation.

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39
Q

Needham’s Experiment

A

Was a boiling broth experiment where a container with chicken broth was heated to kill microbes then sealed and later looked at. There was a growth in the broth.

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40
Q

Needham’s Experiment Conclusion

A

Supported spontaneous generation

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41
Q

Spallanzani’s Experiment

A

He had 2 flasks, 1 was left sealed and 1 was left open

42
Q

What happened to the sealed flask in Spallanzani’s Experiment?

A

There was no growth until it was later opened

43
Q

What happened to the open flask in Spallanzani’s Experiment?

A

There was growth

44
Q

Spallanzani’s Experiment Conclusion

A

Whatever is growing comes from the air, refutes spontaneous generation

45
Q

What was the difference between Needham’s and Spallanzani’s Experiments?

A

In Needham’s Experiment, the broth was clear and may still have contained microbes

46
Q

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

A

Used 2 swan neck flasks and boiled both of them, he left 1 the same and took the neck off of the other

47
Q

What happened to the normal swan neck flask?

A

There was no growth

48
Q

What happened to the swan neck flask whose neck was removed?

A

There was growth

49
Q

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment Conclusion

A

Particles in the air cause contamination, disproved spontaneous generation

50
Q

Swan Neck Flask

A

Contains bins where air can move freely and particles in the air get stuck in the neck so that they are not in the solution.

51
Q

Anthony van Leewenhoek

A

First-person credited with visualizing microbes

52
Q

What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek look at in the microscope?

A

Either rain or pond water

53
Q

What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek see in the water?

A

He saw single-celled eukaryotes and drew them which he called “wee animalcules” at the time

54
Q

Cell Theory

A

Living things are made of cells
Cells divided to make new cells

55
Q

Robert Hooke

A

The first person to observe cells when looking and cork.
He coined the term “cell”.

56
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

Observed cells in plant tissue

57
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

Observed cells in animal tissues

57
Q

Rudolf Virchow and Robert Remark

A

Discovered that cells divide to make new cells

58
Q

Walter Fleming

A

Showed mitosis occurred

59
Q

What was the previous notion of the cause of disease?

A

The God/Gods were punishing people when they did bad things

60
Q

Hippocrates

A

Believed disease had a natural cause

61
Q

Hippocratic Oath

A

Oath to do no harm

62
Q

Thucydides

A

Advocated for evidence-based analysis of cause and effect.
Immunity -> Noticed that plague survivors don’t get sick by the plague again

63
Q

Marcus Terentius Varro

A

First to propose we can’t see what causes disease

64
Q

Cytoreductive

A

Killing Cells

65
Q

What bacteria produces a green pigment and is found in the lungs?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

66
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa often associated with?

A

Cystic fibrosis and extreme mucus production

67
Q

Who are the people that have proved that microbes cause disease?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, and John Snow

68
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis notice?

A

When treating patients, patients would get another disease that another patient had at the hospital

69
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis institute?

A

Workers had to wash their hands between seeing patients

70
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis notice after he implemented his change?

A

He noticed a lack of spread of disease proving that healthcare workers were the ones transferring disease.

71
Q

What did Joseph Lister notice?

A

Post-surgical infections

72
Q

What did Joseph Lister implement?

A

Hand washing and cleaning the surgical in a 5% phenol solution

73
Q

What was the result of Joseph Lister’s implementation?

A

Decrease in post-surgical infections

74
Q

What did Robert Koch determine?

A

Determined the rules for how we determine which microbe causes which disease

75
Q

Who is the father of epidemiology?

A

John Snow

76
Q

What did John Snow notice?

A

Noticed that there was a cholera outbreak and that certain groups of people that kept getting it.

77
Q

What did John Snow discover?

A

Discovered that there were 2 water pumps that everyone drank from and that the people at the brewery did not get sick as they weren’t drinking water.

78
Q

Cholera

A

Found in contaminated water and causes diarrhea

79
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

How we have eukaryotic cells. Uptake of bacteria led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

80
Q

Where do eukaryotic cells come from?

A

Prokaryotic cells that came together to form a eukaryotic cell

81
Q

Proto-eukaryote

A

A prokaryote that will turn into a eukaryote

82
Q

What is the first step of the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Invagination of membranes and the start of the formation of membrane-bound organelles (ER, nuclear membrane, etc.)

83
Q

What is the second step of the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Cells take up aerobic bacteria

84
Q

What does an aerobic bacteria do?

A

Oxygenic cellular respiration

85
Q

What does aerobic bacteria develop into?

A

Mitochondria

86
Q

What is the third step of the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Some cells, not all, will take up a photosynthetic bacterium

87
Q

What does a photosynthetic bacterium do?

A

Photosynthesis

88
Q

What do photosynthetic bacterium develop into?

A

Chloroplasts

89
Q

What did the uptake of bacteria lead to?

A

It led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts

90
Q

What is some evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria have their own DNA and mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes which are the same size as prokaryotes

91
Q

Do all cells that have chloroplasts have mitochondria?

A

Yes

92
Q

Do all cells that have mitochondria have chloroplasts?

A

No, as mitochondria develop first

93
Q

Where can you find a prokaryotic ribosome in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Mitochondria or chloroplasts

94
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification of organisms, phylogenetic tree, tree of life

95
Q

Where are microbes found in the phylogenetic tree?

A

They are in every category

96
Q

Nomenclature Rules

A

Have to be in italics, the first word is capitalized and the second word is lowercased, Genus species

97
Q

Genus spp

A

Multiple species in a genus with similar properties

98
Q

Genus sp

A

An unknown or unnecessary species

99
Q

What are some types of microbes?

A

Bacteria, archeae, fungi, protists, and viruses

100
Q

Who first visualized microbes and called them “wee animalcules”?

A

Antony von Leuwenhoek

101
Q

How was spontaneous generation definitively disproved?

A

Louis Pasteur used swan neck flasks to disprove this

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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