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Medical Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism - Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Catabolism

A

Large moelcules being broken into smaller molecules

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2
Q

Is catabolism energetically favorable or unfavorable?

A

Energetically favorable as it releases energy

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

Small molecules are assembled into larger molecules

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4
Q

Is anabolism energetically favorable or unfavorable?

A

Energetically unfavorable as it uses energy

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5
Q

What is metabolism a combination of?

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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6
Q

What do chemotrophs use as their energy source?

A

Chemicals

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7
Q

What do phototrophs use as their energy source?

A

Light

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8
Q

What do autotrophs use as their carbon source?

A

Inorganic compounds, most likely CO2

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9
Q

What do heterotrophs use as their carbon source?

A

Organic compounds

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10
Q

What can chemotrophs be further divided into?

A

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

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11
Q

What can phototrophs be further divided into?

A

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

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12
Q

What kind of energy do bacteria use?

A

Any type, they can be chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, or photoheterotrophs

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13
Q

Donor

A

Lose an electron, give an electron away

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14
Q

Acceptor

A

Gain an electron

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15
Q

Are donors oxidized or reduced?

A

Oxidized

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16
Q

Are acceptors oxidized or reduced?

A

Reduced

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17
Q

Donor Agent

A

Reducing agent

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18
Q

Reducing Agent

A

Reduces the other molecule

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19
Q

Acceptor Agent

A

Oxidizing agent

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20
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

Oxidizes the other molecule

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21
Q

What happens to hydrogen in the oxidized form?

A

Hydrogen is taken away

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22
Q

How does the cell make the most of its ATP?

A

Through storing the energy in moelcules and putting them through the electron transport chain

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23
Q

In what form is energy stored?

A

In the reduced form

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24
Q

What are energy storage types in the reduced form?

A

NADH, NADPH, or FADH2

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25
Q

Coupling Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions

A

ATP circles between ADP and ATP during metabolism

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26
Q

Phosphorylation

A

ADP -> ATP

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27
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

ATP -> ADP

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28
Q

Phosphorylation Energy Type

A

Solar or chemical energy

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29
Q

Dephosphorylation Energy Type

A

Energy available for cellular work including anabolism

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30
Q

What pathway can photosynthesis lead to?

A

The electron transport chain or glycolysis

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31
Q

Light Reaction

A

Photosynthesis -> electron transport chain

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32
Q

Dark Reaction

A

Photosynthesis -> glycolysis

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33
Q

What pathway can glycolysis lead to?

A

Transition reaction or fermentation

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34
Q

What pathway can fermentation lead to?

A

Electron transport chain

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35
Q

What pathway can the transition reaction lead to?

A

Kreb’s cycle which then leads to the electron transport chain

36
Q

Glycolysis

A

Catabolism of carbohydrates

37
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

Break down glucose into 2, 3 carbon molecules and add a phosphate from ATP.
Phosphorylate molecules

38
Q

How much ATP does the first step of glycolysis use?

A

2 ATP

39
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis?

A

Convert the molecule into pyruvate by taking the phosphate away, making NADH

40
Q

How much ATP does the second step of glycolysis produce?

A

4 ATP

41
Q

What is the amount of ATP produced during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (4 gained, 2 used)

42
Q

Glycolysis Steps

A

Energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

43
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Remove phosphate from the molecule (pyruvate + phosphate) and add to ADP to make ATP

44
Q

What needs to happen for pyruvate to get into the appropriate form for the Krebs cycle?

A

A carbon from pyruvate needs to be removed to make an acetyl and the acetyl has to be added to coenzyme A to make Acetyl CoA

45
Q

What molecule goes into the Krebs cycle instead of pyruvate?

A

Acetyl CoA

46
Q

Transition Reaction

A

Pyruvate -> Acetyl -> Acetyl CoA

47
Q

Krebs Cycle Reactions

A

It is both anabolic and catabolic to create energy

48
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA -> breaks it down -> builds it back up

49
Q

What kind of loop is the Krebs cycle?

A

Closed loop

50
Q

Closed Loop

A

Last step regenerates the starting product

51
Q

What are the products made per Acetyl CoA?

A

1 ATP/GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

52
Q

How much Acetyl CoA comes from glycolysis into the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA

53
Q

Krebs Cycle Products

A

2 ATP/GTP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

54
Q

What other products can be made from the other cycles the Krebs cycle can feed into?

A

Amino acids, nucleotides, lipids (fatty acids and sterols), and additional moelcules (porphyrins, heme, and chlorophyll)

55
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in a prokaryote?

A

Plasma membrane

56
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in a eukaryote?

A

Inner mitochondria membrane

57
Q

Prokaryote Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen ions flow from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space

58
Q

Eukaryote Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen ions flow from the matrix to the intermembrane space

59
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Remove hydrogen ions from energy carries, put them through channels to flow into the periplasmic space, then pump across the membrane, and pump it back through ATP synthase through the creation of a high concentration of hydrogen ions

60
Q

Where is there a high concentration of hydrogen in the electron transport chain?

A

Outside, periplasmic space

61
Q

What does the final electron acceptor use and make in aerobic respiration?

A

It uses oxygen and makes water

62
Q

What does ATP Synthase create?

A

ATP when it comes back in

63
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Process of moving the hydrogen atoms as if they’re water

64
Q

What organisms do respiration without oxygen?

A

Bacteria or archaea

65
Q

What is the electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

An inorganic compound, likely a sulfur compound

66
Q

What does anaerobic respiration make?

A

If a sulfur compound it makes H2S

67
Q

How much ATP per NADH in the electron transport system?

A

3 ATP

68
Q

How much ATP per FADH2 in the electron transport system?

A

2 ATP

69
Q

What is the theoretical max of ATP for aerobic respiration?

A

38 ATP, most efficient

70
Q

Theoretical max ATP from glycolysis

A

8 ATP

71
Q

Theoretical max ATP from the transition reaction

A

6 ATP

72
Q

Theoretical max ATP from the Krebs cycle

A

24 ATP

73
Q

What does fermentation start with?

A

The glycolysis reaction and it puts it into other fermentation reactions

74
Q

Fermentation Products

A

Acids and alcohols

75
Q

Fermentation Reaction Types

A

Lactic acid and alcohol

76
Q

What can be used to determine if fermentation occurs in lab?

A

We can use different types of sugar in media that have a pH indicator to determine if they have gone through fermentation

77
Q

What color does the phenol turn if fermentation occurs?

A

Red to yellow

78
Q

How do we know if CO2 has been produced in lab?

A

Gas bubbles will be produced in the Durham tube

79
Q

What can fermentation make?

A

Commercial solvents, food, pharmaceuticals, etc.

80
Q

What other organisms can do fermentation?

A

Yeasts

81
Q

Is anaerobic respiration efficient?

A

It can be depending on the inorganic compound used

82
Q

Anaerobic Respiration Theoretical Yield ATP

A

5-36 ATP

83
Q

Fermentation Theoretical Yield ATP

A

2 ATP

84
Q

Does fermentation make its own ATP?

A

No, it comes from the electron transport system

85
Q

What metabolism is best for bacteria?

A

Each one has different benefits depending on the environment the microbe is in

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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