Prokaryotic (and Eukaryotic) cells Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

-make up single-celled prokaryotic organisms
-smaller than eukaryotic cells
-cells arise from other cells by binary fission
-don’t have membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

-make up complex eukaryotic organisms
-larger than prokaryotic cells
-cells arise from other cells by mitosis or meiosis
-have membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

animal cell organelles

A

-mitochondria
-ribosomes
-ER
-golgi
-lysosomes
-nucleus

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4
Q

plant cell organelles

A

-vacuole
-chloroplasts
-cell wall
-all the organelles found in animal cells too

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5
Q

algal cell organelles

A

-exactly the same as for plant cells

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6
Q

fungal cell organelles

A

similar to plant cells, but:
-they have no chloroplasts
-cell wall is made from chitin instead
-they can be multicellular

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7
Q

structure of the nuclear envelope

A

-a double-membrane structure with lots of pores
-the inner and outer membranes are both phospholipid bilayers

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8
Q

function of the nuclear envelope

A

-its pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

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9
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

-has the nucleoplasm (semi-solid fluid) where we find chromatin and the nucleolus
-contains linear chromosomes made up of DNA (only in eukaryotes)
-has a nucleolus (plural is nucleoli)

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10
Q

function of the nucleus

A

-controls cell activity
-the DNA it contains, has the instructions for protein synthesis
-ribosomal RNA is joined together with associated proteins in the nucleolus to assemble the ribosomal subunits

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11
Q

structure of the nucleolus

A

-the largest sub-structure in the nucleus
-made from proteins like RNA, and DNA

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12
Q

function of the nucleolus

A

-the site where ribosomes are made
-has secondary roles like immobilising proteins and forming signal recognition particles

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13
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

-oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA
-each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
-inner membrane has folds called cristae
-mitochondrial matrix is the area surrounded by the cristae
-the matrix contains enzymes used for respiration

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14
Q

function of mitochondria

A

-they make ATP via aerobic respiration

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15
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphospate

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16
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

-carry out photosynthesis to make food (sugars) for the plant

17
Q

structure of chloroplasts

A

-they have their own DNA, ribosomes and are double-membrane organelles
-thylakoids are the stacked, fluid-filled membrane sacks (found in inner-membrane)
-each stack of thylakoids is called a granum (plural is grana)
-grana is linked by lamellae, which are flat, thin parts of thylakoid membrane
-the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana is called stroma

18
Q

structure of the golgi apparatus

A

a series of flattened membranous sacs

19
Q

function of the golgi apparatus

A

-transport vesicles are made from the RER and fuse with the golgi apparatus
-the transport vesicles empty proteins and lipids into the lumen of the golgi apparatus
-as the proteins and lipids travel through the golgi, they are sorted packaged and tagged so that they can be sent to the right place

20
Q

structure of golgi vesicles

A

-they are membrane-bound and fluid-filled, and found in the cytoplasm
-lysosomes are a type of golgi vesicle
-small and round

21
Q

function of golgi vesicles

A

-they store and transport modified proteins and lipids from golgi apparatus to target cells
-e.g. lysosomes - which contain enzymes called lysozyme
-lysozymes aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and old organelles

22
Q

structure of ribosomes

A

-can either be floating in cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic side of ER
-small organelles made of protein sub-units which means they are not covered by a membrane

23
Q

function of ribosomes

A

-in charge of protein synthesis

24
Q

structure of the ER

A

-a series of interconnected, membranous sacs and tubules
-its membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
-SER has no ribosomes
-RER does have ribosomes

25
Q

function of RER

A

-responsible for processing and folding proteins

26
Q

function of SER

A

-responsible for making and processing lipids