Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell Flashcards
What are the names of the two families for prokaryotic cells?
Archaea and Bacteria
What are extremophiles?
Cells that are adapted to living in extremes of salinity, pH and temperature.
Were can extremophiles be found?`
Hydrothermal vents and salt lakes (similar environments to that of the early Earth).
What defines a prokaryotic cell?
It is a single-celled organism Its DNA is not contained within a nucleus They have few organelles There organelles are not membrane- bound
How is the DNA packaged in prokaryotic cells?
They only have one molecule of DNA , a chromosome, which is supercoiled to make it more compact. The genes on the chromosome are grouped into operons , meaning a number of genes are switched on or off at the same time.
How is the size or a ribosome determined?
The rate at which they settle, or form a sediment in a solution.
What are the size of the ribsosomes in a eukaryotic cell?
80S
What are the size of the ribsosomes in a prokaryotic cell?
70S
What can the larger, 80S, ribosomes do that the smaller, 70S ribosomes can not?
Form more complex proteins
What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made from?
Peptidoglycan (murein), a complex polymer formed from amino acids and and sugars.
How do prokaryotic cells rotate the filament that forms the flagellum?
The process of chemiosmosis
How do eukaryotic cells rotate the filament that forms the flagellum?
Through ATP
How is the flagellum is attached to the cell membrane of a bacterium?
By the basal body.
When did the first eukaryotic cell appear?
1.5 billion years ago
What is the name of the theory that states that organelles such as the mitochondria and the chloroplast were originally prokaryotes which where then taken inside another cell as a endosymbiont. This is said to be the evolution eukaryotic cells.
Endosymbiosis
What are the differences of the nucleus in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: not present Eukaryotic: present
What are the differences of the DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: circular Eukaryotic: linear
What are the differences of the DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: proteins fold and condense DNA Eukaryotic: associated with proteins called histones
What are the differences of extra chromosomal DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: circular DNA called plasmids Eukaryotic: only present in the mitochondria and chloroplast organelles
What are the differences of organelles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: non membrane-bound Eukaryotic: both membrane-bound and non membrane-bound
What are the differences of the cell wall in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: peptidoglycan Eukaryotic: not present in animals, cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
What are the differences of the ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: small (70S) Eukaryotic: Large (80S)
What are the differences of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: present Eukaryotic: present and more complex
What are the differences of reproduction in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: binary fission Eukaryotic: asexual or sexual
What are the differences of the cell type in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: unicellular Eukaryotic: unicellular and multicellular
What are the differences of the cell-surface membrane in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: present Eukaryotic: present
