Prokaryotes(Bacteria)

Question 1

What adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success?

Answer 1

rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination, diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations

Question 2

What are the parts of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, flagella, capsule, pili, spore

Question 3

What are some common cell shapes?

Answer 3

spherical, rod, spiral. they are pleomorphic.

Question 4

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

Answer 4

Through binary fission. replication begins at the origin, and an actin-like protein moves one copy to the other end of the cell. then, a tubulin like protein pinches in the middle to produce 2 daughter cells.

Question 5

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Answer 5

gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, whereas gram negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall sandwiched between 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes. due to the lipids in the outer layer of gram negative bacteria, theyre usually worse.

Question 6

How do antibacterial agents target bacteria?

Answer 6

through preventing peptidoglycan synthesis and causing lysis of the cell. therefore, bacteria without cell wall are lowkey goated

Question 7

What is the difference between the capsule and slime layer?

Answer 7

capsule is distinct and gelatinous, and the slime layer is diffuse and irregular. together they are called glycocalyx

Question 8

What is the function of the capsule?

Answer 8

prevents phagocytosis

Question 9

What are the 2 types of flagella?

Answer 9

Polar(one end) and peritichous

Question 10

What are pili?

Answer 10

used for conjugation and twitching/gliding motility, sex pilus is used for dna transfer

Question 11

What are characteristics of the bacterial chromosome?

Answer 11

circular, one dsdna, millions of bp, 90 percent codes for protein

Question 12

What is the difference between the bacterial chromosome and plasmids?

Answer 12

bacterial chromosome contains essential genes, plasmid is smaller and has nonessential genes

Question 13

What is the difference between theta and rolling circle replication?

Answer 13

theta produces 2 daughter dna molecules, and rolling circle produces many copies

Question 14

How do antibiotics not affect eukaryotic ribosomes?

Answer 14

they are larger than the prokaryotic ribosome (80s vs 70s)

Question 15

What are endospores?

Answer 15

A type of dormant cell, extremely resistant to harsh environments.

Question 16

What is the difference between sporulation and germination?

Answer 16

Sporulation is triggered by nitrogen and carbon deficiency, germination is triggered by heat or chemical exposure

Question 17

What is vertical gene transfer?

Answer 17

transfer of mutation from organism to daughter cells

Question 18

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 18

movement of genetic material from one organism to another, then vertically transferrred.