Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes Genome

Question 1

What is a regulatory gene

Answer 1

Gene that regulates the Exp of one/more structural genes by controlling the production of a protein which regulates their frequency of transcription

Question 2

Relationship between enhancer and activator

Answer 2

Enhancer is being switched on/off by protein activator

Question 3

Upregulation

Answer 3

Speed up regulation

Question 4

General TF vs Specific TF

Answer 4

• both are protein with DNA binding site
• protein that bind to promoter which aid in forming TIC

Vs protein that bind to enhancer/silencer that stimulate/repress transcription of the related gene
- the action of TFs allow for unique expression of each gene in different cell types and cell developments

Question 5

What is a promoter

Answer 5

Critical elements/short sequences within the eukaryotic promoter, consisting of TATA box ~10 upstream and CAAT and GC box further upstream

Question 6

what does a typical tandem repeat consist of

Answer 6

a short nucleotide sequence repeated consecutively many times in a row

Question 7

advantage of alternative splicing

Answer 7

enables a large number of proteins to be produced in relative to the number of genes,

producing different protein isoforms from ONE GENE

Question 8

what are isoforms

Answer 8

alternative forms of the same PROTEIN

Question 9

what are promoters

Answer 9

serves as a recognition site for the binding of GTF and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

the sequence within the promoter determines its strength of it, determining the binding strength and hence affect the transcription frequency

Question 10

r/o btwn critical elements and transcription frequency

Answer 10

the more the number of critical elements within promoter resemble the consensus sequences, the greater the binding efficiency btwn GTFs and promoter, increasing the frequency of transcription

Question 12

Describe the structure of eukaryotic genome

Answer 12

1. Positively charged histones, negatively charged DNA, electrostatic FOA, DNA around octamers of 8 histone proteins to form nucleosomes, 10nm fibre
2. Remaining DNA: linker DNA, joins adjacent nucleosome
3. 30nm chromatin fibre (solenoid)
4. 30nm fibre + scaffold proteins—> loops: looped domains
5. Supercoiling, chromosome

Question 13

Structure of eukaryotic genome that is described

Answer 13

• unfolded chromosome, diameter 430
• DNA folded into chromosomal looped domains by p-DNA associations, about 50
• supercoiling, compaction, area of 1