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VETS1060: Animal & Vet Biology - In Semester Exam > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the first cellular life?

A

Cyanobacteria

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2
Q

What’s a Cyanobacteria

A

First cellular life form

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3
Q

Define Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

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4
Q

All cells are derived from…

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Prokaryotes have great ____ and high ____

A

Diversity; Survivability

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6
Q

Two of the three branches in the Tree of Life are

A

Prokaryotic

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7
Q

The “Prokaryote” branch in the Tree of Life includes:

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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8
Q

Last common ancestor of all life are the

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

_____ are essential for life on earth

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Proteobacteria are gram _____

A

Negative

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11
Q

Prokaryotes lack a

A

Cell membrane

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12
Q

Two types of bacterial Cell Walls are

A

Gram Positive and Gram Negative

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13
Q

Gram positive/negative bacteria are determined by:

A

Cell wall

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14
Q

Three Functions of the Cell Wall are:

A

-Maintain cell shape
-provide physical protection
-prevent osmotic bursting

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15
Q

The Cell Wall contains

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Gram positive have a peptidoglycan that is

A

Tight and linked

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17
Q

Where is Peptidoglycan found

A

Cell wall of Bacteria

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18
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan structure that is

A

Loose and thin

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19
Q

Which gram bacteria has an extra membrane

A

Gram negative

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20
Q

Which gram bacteria stains purple

A

Gram positive

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21
Q

Which gram bacteria stains pink/red

A

Gram negative

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22
Q

Gram negative bacteria will stain

A

Pink/Red

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23
Q

Gram positive bacteria will stain

A

Purple/Blue

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24
Q

What is Lipopolysaccharide?

A

Endotoxin found on cell wall of gram negative bacteria

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25
Q

What are the 6 functions of the Cell/Plasma Membrane

A

-Regulation of movement into and out of cell
-Synthesizes cell wall components
-Assists with DNA replication
-Secretes proteins
-Contains the base of appendages (ie. flagella)
-Can respond to environment

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26
Q

What does “selectively permeable” mean

A

Regulation of movement of material into and out of the cell by transport mechanism

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27
Q

What are the structural components of the cell/plasma membrane

A

Hydrophilic end/head (phosphate group) and a hydrophobic centre (fatty acid molecules)

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28
Q

What’s the Lipid Bilayer

A

The central, hydrophobic portion of the Cell/Plasma Membrane

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29
Q

The Capsule is made of

A

Sugars and/or Proteins

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30
Q

What part of bacteria is used as protection against host immune system (ie. phagocytosis)

A

The Capsule

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31
Q

What structure is external to the cell wall

A

Capsule

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32
Q

What are three functions of the Capsule

A
  1. Adhesion to substrate
  2. Cohesion/Biofilms (ie. plaque)
  3. Protection against host immune system (phagocytosis)
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33
Q

Pili, Fimbriae, and Flagellum are

A

Surface filaments

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34
Q

What are three types of surface filaments

A
  1. Pili & Fimbriae
  2. Flagellum
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35
Q

Leptospirosis contains an ______ flagella

A

Internal

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36
Q

Four types of morphology (structure) of bacteria?

A

-Bacillus (rods)
-Coccus (balls)
-Coccobacillus (grape bundle)
-Spirochaete (squiggly lines)

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37
Q

What are the 7 main structural components of bacteria?

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Cell/Plasma Membrane
  3. Capsule
  4. Surface Filaments (Pili & Fimbriae, Flagellum)
  5. Nucleoid
  6. Ribosomal DNA in Cytoplasm
  7. DNA on Plasmids
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38
Q

The complete set of genetic material within a cell is called a

A

Genome

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39
Q

A Haploid is

A

A single ring of DNA

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40
Q

The Nucleoid in prokaryotic cells contains

A

Genetic material

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41
Q

Cytoplasm contains

A

Ribosomal DNA

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42
Q

DNA of prokaryotes is located in the

A

Nucleoid

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43
Q

rDNA is located in the

A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q

Multi-drug resistance genes are located in

A

DNA on Plasmids

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45
Q

Plasmids are _______ for survival

A

NOT essential

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46
Q

Large Gram+ rods are called

A

Endospores

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47
Q

Give an example of an Endospore

A
  1. Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
  2. Clostridum tetani (Tetanus)
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48
Q

Anthrax and Tetanus are examples of

A

Large gram positive rods (Endospores)

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49
Q

Endospores are

A

Large gram + rods that are difficult to kill

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50
Q

What does “Thermostable” mean

A

Destroyed with certainty ONLY by moist heat at 121 C for 15 minutes

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51
Q

How can one destroy thermostable Endospores?

A

Autoclave

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52
Q

List three types of unusual bacteria:

A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Rickettsia
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53
Q

What’s a vector-borne disease?

A

Transmitted via fleas, ticks, mites, etc.

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54
Q

What bacteria LACKS a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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55
Q

What is a mixed community of bacteria called?

A

Biofilms

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56
Q

Where are biofilms located?

A

Embedded in a matrix

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57
Q

What is the mode of nutrition for prokaryotes called?

A

Chemoheterotroph

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58
Q

Define Chemoheterotroph

A

Mode of nutrition for many prokaryotes - energy is obtained via organic compounds

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59
Q

What are Obligate Aerobes

A

Require oxygen for survival

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60
Q

What are Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen

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61
Q

What are Obligate Anaerobes?

A

Will be poisoned by oxygen

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62
Q

How do Obligate Anaerobes survive?

A

Use inorganic molecules or fermentation (organic molecules)

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63
Q

What are the four types of metabolic relationships with oxygen

A
  1. Obligate Aerobes
  2. Obligate Anaerobes
  3. Facultative Anaerobes
  4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
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64
Q

Generation/Doubling time means

A

The time it takes for a cell to divide and the population to double

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65
Q

Bacterial reproduction is done by

A

Asexual Binary Fission

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66
Q

Asexual Binary Fission does NOT require

A

-meiosis
-fertilization

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67
Q

Genetic variation can occur through four methods:

A

-mutation
-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction

68
Q

Transduction occurs by

A

Gene transfer between cells by viruses

69
Q

Conjugation occurs by

A

Plasmid gene transfer

70
Q

Transformation occurs by

A

Foreign DNA from the environment

71
Q

Major source of genetic variation occurs by

A

Mutation

72
Q

Bacteria have high ____ and ____

A

Diversity, Survivability

73
Q

Six types of Extremophiles:

A

-Thermophile (high temperature)
-Psychrophile (low temperature)
-Acidophile (acid)
-Barophile (pressure)
-Xerophile (dry)
-Halophile (salt)

74
Q

Give an example of human applications of Prokaryotes

A

-Microbial Leaching/Mining
-Fuel Production
-Bioremediation (ie. sewage, water purification, herbicides, oil spills, etc.)
-Antimicrobials, vitamins, vaccines, insulin, etc.
-Detergents
-Food products (vinegar, citric acid, etc.)
-Genetic engineering

75
Q

Types of Symbiotic Associations:

A

-Commensalism
-Mutualism
-Parasitic/Pathogen

76
Q

Term for symbiotic association where one organism benefits and one organism neither benefits nor is harmed

A

Commensalism

77
Q

An example of a Commensalism Symbiotic Association is

A

Staphylococcus

78
Q

A symbiotic association where two organisms of different species benefit from association

A

Mutualism

79
Q

What’s an example of a Mutualistic Symbiotic Association

A

E.coli

80
Q

What types of parasitic/pathogen associations are there

A

-Opportunistic Pathogens
-Obligate Pathogens

81
Q

What is it called when a pathogen causes disease when it enters a host?

A

Opportunistic Pathogen

82
Q

What’s it called when a pathogen requires a host to fulfill its life cycle?

A

Obligate Pathogen

83
Q

A microorganism that is able to produce disease is called

A

A Pathogen

84
Q

Indigenous Microbiota are

A

-aquired soon after birth
-are host-specific and organ-specific

85
Q

Examples of Indigenous Microbiota:

A

-B.bifidum (human GI)
-Staphylococcus epidermidis (human skin)
-Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (dog skin)
-E.coli (all species, intestine)
-Pasteurella multocida (upper respiratory tract of most animals)

86
Q

What can contribute to commensals causing infection

A

-Lowered host defense mechanisms (ie. immunosuppressed, diabetic)
-Normal flora disturbed (ie. oral antibiotics)
-Change in natural habitat of the organism

87
Q

Example of a commensal turned into opportunistic infection

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

88
Q

How is acidosis of the rumen caused?

A

Too much grain in feed —> fusobacterium necrophorum

89
Q

What is an example of an Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria that affects cattle?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

90
Q

Define Opportunistic Pathogen

A

A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or it infects a host with a diminished immune system

91
Q

Give an example of a Uropathogenic Opportunistic Pathogen

A

E.coli

92
Q

Three functions of the intestinal microbiome

A
  1. Protection
  2. Structure
  3. Metabolism
93
Q

What’s an example of mutualism

A

Gut microbiome

94
Q

What is the rumen

A

A large, pre-gastric fermentation chamber found in ruminants

95
Q

What is the primary energy source in ruminants

A

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)

96
Q

What is a VFA

A

Volatile Fatty Acid —> byproduct of microbes within the rumen

97
Q

What weighs 10-20% of total body weight in ruminants?

A

The Rumen

98
Q

List the 5 major groups of rumen microorganisms:

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Protozoa
  3. Fungi
  4. Archaea
  5. Bacteriophages
99
Q

What are some negative interactions within the rumen

A

-predation
-pathogens
-competition for space and resources

100
Q

Functions of Escherichia coli

A

-synthesizes vitamin K in intestine
-essential for blood clotting
-breakdown and absorb food
-waste processing

101
Q

Disease definition

A

Injury to a host that impairs the function of host tissue

102
Q

Infection definition

A

Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host

103
Q

Inflammation definition

A

Response of host tissue to injury or infection. Infiltration of tissue with WBCs leading to redness, swelling, and pain

104
Q

Invasiveness

A

Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread

105
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes harm to the host

106
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The capacity of bacterium to cause disease

107
Q

Virulence

A

The degree or severity of disease caused by the infectious agent

108
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mechanism of infection (ie. how the disease develops)

109
Q

Adhesions

A

Allows attachment to the host (ie. Fimbriae, Pili, Surface Proteins)

110
Q

List the 5 types of Exotoxins

A

-Cytotoxins
-Haemolysins
-Proteases
-Phospholipases
-Leukocidins

111
Q

Example of an Exotoxin

A

-Botulism
-Cholera

112
Q

Examples of an Endotoxin

A

-LPS
-Pyrogenic
-Toxic Shock

113
Q

What are two types of toxins

A
  1. Exotoxins
  2. Endotoxins (gram-negative bacteria only)
114
Q

What is the function of exotoxins

A

Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel through host

115
Q

Flagella can be used for

A

-motility
-immune evasion

116
Q

What part of bacteria is antiphagocytic

A

Capsule

117
Q

What can enterotoxigenic E.coli cause

A

Hypersecretory diarrhoea resulting in rapid dehydration and acidosis

118
Q

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli affects ____ and is mainly carried by ____

A

Humans, cows

119
Q

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli can cause

A

-kidney failure
-oedema in brain

120
Q

Anthrax is usually associated with which specie(s)

A

Sheep, goats, and cattle (occasionally pigs and humans)

121
Q

How is Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) obtained

A

Ingestion of Endospore

122
Q

What does AMR stand for

A

Antimicrobial Resistance

123
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

A

Microorganism formally susceptible to the action of the antimicrobial is no longer affected by it.
Ie. Bacteria has changed so the antibiotic no longer works

124
Q

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) is caused by

A

Ingestion of botulinum toxin

125
Q

What are two types of AMR

A

-Intrinsic Resistance
-Acquired Resistance

126
Q

Intrinsic Resistance

A

Structural or functional characteristic in the microorganism that provides AMR

127
Q

Acquired Resistance

A

Genetic mutation or acquisition of genetic element (plasmids) that provide microorganism with AMR

128
Q

What are two eradicated diseases

A
  1. Rinderpest
  2. Small pox
129
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

A pathogen obtained in hospital
Ex. UTI, MRSA, SSI

130
Q

One organism benefits, one organism neither benefits nor is harmed

A

Commensalism

131
Q

Staphylococcus is a type of _______ symbiotic association

A

Commensalism

132
Q

Both organisms benefit from association

A

Mutualism

133
Q

E.coli is an example of a _____ symbiotic relationship

A

Mutualistic

134
Q

One organism benefits while the host is disrupted

A

Parasitic/Pathogenic

135
Q

Two types of Parasitic/Pathogenic relationships are:

A

-Opportunistic
-Obligate

136
Q

Anthrax is an example of a ______ symbiotic association

A

Parasitic/Pathogenic

137
Q

A pathogen that causes disease when it enters a host is called

A

Opportunistic Pathogen

138
Q

A pathogen that requires a host to fulfill its life cycle is called

A

Obligate Pathogen

139
Q

Indigenous Microbiota are an example of

A

Commensals

140
Q

Commensals can cause Opportunistic Infections when

A

-Host defense mechanism is lowered (immunosuppressed, diabetic)
-Normal flora is disturbed (oral antibiotics)
-Change in natural habitat of the commensal (ex. Fusobacterium necrophorum)

141
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

-Anaerobic Gram-negative Bacteria
-Commensal turned into Opportunistic when too much grain is given (results in acidosis of the Rumen)

142
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or infects a host with a diminished immune status

143
Q

Three functions of intestinal microbiome

A
  1. Protection
  2. Structural
  3. Metabolic
144
Q

Ruminants evolved

A

A large pre-gastric fermentation chamber (the Rumen)

145
Q

Uropathogenic E.coli is an example of

A

Commensal turned Opportunistic Infection

146
Q

5 Major Groups of Rumen Microorganisms are:

A

-Bacteria (break down plant material into VFA)
-Protozoa (consume and ferment bacteria into VFA)
-Fungi (assist in fibre degradation)
-Archaea (produce methane)
-Bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria)

147
Q

VFA is

A

Volatile Fatty Acid (primary source of energy in ruminants)

148
Q

The primary source of energy in ruminants is called

A

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

149
Q

Negative Interactions of the rumen include

A

-Predation
-Pathogens
-Competition for space and resources

150
Q

Example of a Synergistic Interaction (cross feeding)

A

Cellulolytic bacteria

151
Q

4 Functions of Escherichia coli include

A

-synthesis of vitamin K in intestine
-blood clotting
-breakdown of food
-food absorption and waste processing

152
Q

Injury to the host that impairs the function of host tissue

A

Disease

153
Q

Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host

A

Infection

154
Q

The response of the host tissue to injury or infection (ie. infiltration of tissue with WBCs, redness, swelling, pain)

A

Inflammation

155
Q

Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread

A

Invasiveness

156
Q

An organism that causes harm to the host

A

Pathogen

157
Q

The degree/severity of a disease

A

Virulence

158
Q

Mechanism of infection/by which the disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

159
Q

Adhesins

A

Allows attachment to the host (ex. Fimbriae, pili, surface proteins)

160
Q

Two types of toxins include

A

-Exotoxins
-Endotoxins

161
Q

What is the purpose of Exotoxins

A

Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel

162
Q

2 Examples of pathogens with exotoxins include

A

-Botulism
-Cholera

163
Q

5 types of Exotoxins

A

-Cytotoxins
-Haemolysins
-Proteases
-Phospholipases
-Leukocidins

164
Q

Examples of Endotoxins include

A

LPS, pyrogenic, toxic shock

165
Q

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) release the neurotoxin Botulinum toxin, which prevents

A

Release of acetylcholine from synapse, resulting in paralysis and death

VETS1060: Animal & Vet Biology - In Semester Exam (8 decks)

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