Prokaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
What was the first cellular life?
A
Cyanobacteria
2
Q
What’s a Cyanobacteria
A
First cellular life form
3
Q
Define Anaerobic
A
Without oxygen
4
Q
All cells are derived from…
A
Prokaryotes
5
Q
Prokaryotes have great ____ and high ____
A
Diversity; Survivability
6
Q
Two of the three branches in the Tree of Life are
A
Prokaryotic
7
Q
The “Prokaryote” branch in the Tree of Life includes:
A
Archaea and Bacteria
8
Q
Last common ancestor of all life are the
A
Prokaryotes
9
Q
_____ are essential for life on earth
A
Prokaryotes
10
Q
Proteobacteria are gram _____
A
Negative
11
Q
Prokaryotes lack a
A
Cell membrane
12
Q
Two types of bacterial Cell Walls are
A
Gram Positive and Gram Negative
13
Q
Gram positive/negative bacteria are determined by:
A
Cell wall
14
Q
Three Functions of the Cell Wall are:
A
-Maintain cell shape
-provide physical protection
-prevent osmotic bursting
15
Q
The Cell Wall contains
A
Peptidoglycan
16
Q
Gram positive have a peptidoglycan that is
A
Tight and linked
17
Q
Where is Peptidoglycan found
A
Cell wall of Bacteria
18
Q
Gram negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan structure that is
A
Loose and thin
19
Q
Which gram bacteria has an extra membrane
A
Gram negative
20
Q
Which gram bacteria stains purple
A
Gram positive
21
Q
Which gram bacteria stains pink/red
A
Gram negative
22
Q
Gram negative bacteria will stain
A
Pink/Red
23
Q
Gram positive bacteria will stain
A
Purple/Blue
24
Q
What is Lipopolysaccharide?
A
Endotoxin found on cell wall of gram negative bacteria
25
What are the 6 functions of the Cell/Plasma Membrane
-Regulation of movement into and out of cell
-Synthesizes cell wall components
-Assists with DNA replication
-Secretes proteins
-Contains the base of appendages (ie. flagella)
-Can respond to environment
26
What does “selectively permeable” mean
Regulation of movement of material into and out of the cell by transport mechanism
27
What are the structural components of the cell/plasma membrane
Hydrophilic end/head (phosphate group) and a hydrophobic centre (fatty acid molecules)
28
What’s the Lipid Bilayer
The central, hydrophobic portion of the Cell/Plasma Membrane
29
The Capsule is made of
Sugars and/or Proteins
30
What part of bacteria is used as protection against host immune system (ie. phagocytosis)
The Capsule
31
What structure is external to the cell wall
Capsule
32
What are three functions of the Capsule
1. Adhesion to substrate
2. Cohesion/Biofilms (ie. plaque)
3. Protection against host immune system (phagocytosis)
33
Pili, Fimbriae, and Flagellum are
Surface filaments
34
What are three types of surface filaments
1. Pili & Fimbriae
2. Flagellum
35
Leptospirosis contains an ______ flagella
Internal
36
Four types of morphology (structure) of bacteria?
-Bacillus (rods)
-Coccus (balls)
-Coccobacillus (grape bundle)
-Spirochaete (squiggly lines)
37
What are the 7 main structural components of bacteria?
1. Cell Wall
2. Cell/Plasma Membrane
3. Capsule
4. Surface Filaments (Pili & Fimbriae, Flagellum)
5. Nucleoid
6. Ribosomal DNA in Cytoplasm
7. DNA on Plasmids
38
The complete set of genetic material within a cell is called a
Genome
39
A Haploid is
A single ring of DNA
40
The Nucleoid in prokaryotic cells contains
Genetic material
41
Cytoplasm contains
Ribosomal DNA
42
DNA of prokaryotes is located in the
Nucleoid
43
rDNA is located in the
Cytoplasm
44
Multi-drug resistance genes are located in
DNA on Plasmids
45
Plasmids are _______ for survival
NOT essential
46
Large Gram+ rods are called
Endospores
47
Give an example of an Endospore
1. Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
2. Clostridum tetani (Tetanus)
48
Anthrax and Tetanus are examples of
Large gram positive rods (Endospores)
49
Endospores are
Large gram + rods that are difficult to kill
50
What does “Thermostable” mean
Destroyed with certainty ONLY by moist heat at 121 C for 15 minutes
51
How can one destroy thermostable Endospores?
Autoclave
52
List three types of unusual bacteria:
1. Mycoplasma
2. Chlamydia
3. Rickettsia
53
What’s a vector-borne disease?
Transmitted via fleas, ticks, mites, etc.
54
What bacteria LACKS a cell wall
Mycoplasma
55
What is a mixed community of bacteria called?
Biofilms
56
Where are biofilms located?
Embedded in a matrix
57
What is the mode of nutrition for prokaryotes called?
Chemoheterotroph
58
Define Chemoheterotroph
Mode of nutrition for many prokaryotes - energy is obtained via organic compounds
59
What are Obligate Aerobes
Require oxygen for survival
60
What are Facultative Anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
61
What are Obligate Anaerobes?
Will be poisoned by oxygen
62
How do Obligate Anaerobes survive?
Use inorganic molecules or fermentation (organic molecules)
63
What are the four types of metabolic relationships with oxygen
1. Obligate Aerobes
2. Obligate Anaerobes
3. Facultative Anaerobes
4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
64
Generation/Doubling time means
The time it takes for a cell to divide and the population to double
65
Bacterial reproduction is done by
Asexual Binary Fission
66
Asexual Binary Fission does NOT require
-meiosis
-fertilization
67
Genetic variation can occur through four methods:
-mutation
-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction
68
Transduction occurs by
Gene transfer between cells by viruses
69
Conjugation occurs by
Plasmid gene transfer
70
Transformation occurs by
Foreign DNA from the environment
71
Major source of genetic variation occurs by
Mutation
72
Bacteria have high ____ and ____
Diversity, Survivability
73
Six types of Extremophiles:
-Thermophile (high temperature)
-Psychrophile (low temperature)
-Acidophile (acid)
-Barophile (pressure)
-Xerophile (dry)
-Halophile (salt)
74
Give an example of human applications of Prokaryotes
-Microbial Leaching/Mining
-Fuel Production
-Bioremediation (ie. sewage, water purification, herbicides, oil spills, etc.)
-Antimicrobials, vitamins, vaccines, insulin, etc.
-Detergents
-Food products (vinegar, citric acid, etc.)
-Genetic engineering
75
Types of Symbiotic Associations:
-Commensalism
-Mutualism
-Parasitic/Pathogen
76
Term for symbiotic association where one organism benefits and one organism neither benefits nor is harmed
Commensalism
77
An example of a Commensalism Symbiotic Association is
Staphylococcus
78
A symbiotic association where two organisms of different species benefit from association
Mutualism
79
What’s an example of a Mutualistic Symbiotic Association
E.coli
80
What types of parasitic/pathogen associations are there
-Opportunistic Pathogens
-Obligate Pathogens
81
What is it called when a pathogen causes disease when it enters a host?
Opportunistic Pathogen
82
What’s it called when a pathogen requires a host to fulfill its life cycle?
Obligate Pathogen
83
A microorganism that is able to produce disease is called
A Pathogen
84
Indigenous Microbiota are
-aquired soon after birth
-are host-specific and organ-specific
85
Examples of Indigenous Microbiota:
-B.bifidum (human GI)
-Staphylococcus epidermidis (human skin)
-Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (dog skin)
-E.coli (all species, intestine)
-Pasteurella multocida (upper respiratory tract of most animals)
86
What can contribute to commensals causing infection
-Lowered host defense mechanisms (ie. immunosuppressed, diabetic)
-Normal flora disturbed (ie. oral antibiotics)
-Change in natural habitat of the organism
87
Example of a commensal turned into opportunistic infection
Fusobacterium necrophorum
88
How is acidosis of the rumen caused?
Too much grain in feed —> fusobacterium necrophorum
89
What is an example of an Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria that affects cattle?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
90
Define Opportunistic Pathogen
A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or it infects a host with a diminished immune system
91
Give an example of a Uropathogenic Opportunistic Pathogen
E.coli
92
Three functions of the intestinal microbiome
1. Protection
2. Structure
3. Metabolism
93
What’s an example of mutualism
Gut microbiome
94
What is the rumen
A large, pre-gastric fermentation chamber found in ruminants
95
What is the primary energy source in ruminants
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
96
What is a VFA
Volatile Fatty Acid —> byproduct of microbes within the rumen
97
What weighs 10-20% of total body weight in ruminants?
The Rumen
98
List the 5 major groups of rumen microorganisms:
1. Bacteria
2. Protozoa
3. Fungi
4. Archaea
5. Bacteriophages
99
What are some negative interactions within the rumen
-predation
-pathogens
-competition for space and resources
100
Functions of Escherichia coli
-synthesizes vitamin K in intestine
-essential for blood clotting
-breakdown and absorb food
-waste processing
101
Disease definition
Injury to a host that impairs the function of host tissue
102
Infection definition
Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host
103
Inflammation definition
Response of host tissue to injury or infection. Infiltration of tissue with WBCs leading to redness, swelling, and pain
104
Invasiveness
Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread
105
Pathogen
An organism that causes harm to the host
106
Pathogenicity
The capacity of bacterium to cause disease
107
Virulence
The degree or severity of disease caused by the infectious agent
108
Pathogenesis
Mechanism of infection (ie. how the disease develops)
109
Adhesions
Allows attachment to the host (ie. Fimbriae, Pili, Surface Proteins)
110
List the 5 types of Exotoxins
-Cytotoxins
-Haemolysins
-Proteases
-Phospholipases
-Leukocidins
111
Example of an Exotoxin
-Botulism
-Cholera
112
Examples of an Endotoxin
-LPS
-Pyrogenic
-Toxic Shock
113
What are two types of toxins
1. Exotoxins
2. Endotoxins (gram-negative bacteria only)
114
What is the function of exotoxins
Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel through host
115
Flagella can be used for
-motility
-immune evasion
116
What part of bacteria is antiphagocytic
Capsule
117
What can enterotoxigenic E.coli cause
Hypersecretory diarrhoea resulting in rapid dehydration and acidosis
118
Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli affects ____ and is mainly carried by ____
Humans, cows
119
Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli can cause
-kidney failure
-oedema in brain
120
Anthrax is usually associated with which specie(s)
Sheep, goats, and cattle (occasionally pigs and humans)
121
How is Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) obtained
Ingestion of Endospore
122
What does AMR stand for
Antimicrobial Resistance
123
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Microorganism formally susceptible to the action of the antimicrobial is no longer affected by it.
Ie. Bacteria has changed so the antibiotic no longer works
124
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) is caused by
Ingestion of botulinum toxin
125
What are two types of AMR
-Intrinsic Resistance
-Acquired Resistance
126
Intrinsic Resistance
Structural or functional characteristic in the microorganism that provides AMR
127
Acquired Resistance
Genetic mutation or acquisition of genetic element (plasmids) that provide microorganism with AMR
128
What are two eradicated diseases
1. Rinderpest
2. Small pox
129
Nosocomial Infection
A pathogen obtained in hospital
Ex. UTI, MRSA, SSI
130
One organism benefits, one organism neither benefits nor is harmed
Commensalism
131
Staphylococcus is a type of _______ symbiotic association
Commensalism
132
Both organisms benefit from association
Mutualism
133
E.coli is an example of a _____ symbiotic relationship
Mutualistic
134
One organism benefits while the host is disrupted
Parasitic/Pathogenic
135
Two types of Parasitic/Pathogenic relationships are:
-Opportunistic
-Obligate
136
Anthrax is an example of a ______ symbiotic association
Parasitic/Pathogenic
137
A pathogen that causes disease when it enters a host is called
Opportunistic Pathogen
138
A pathogen that requires a host to fulfill its life cycle is called
Obligate Pathogen
139
Indigenous Microbiota are an example of
Commensals
140
Commensals can cause Opportunistic Infections when
-Host defense mechanism is lowered (immunosuppressed, diabetic)
-Normal flora is disturbed (oral antibiotics)
-Change in natural habitat of the commensal (ex. Fusobacterium necrophorum)
141
Fusobacterium necrophorum
-Anaerobic Gram-negative Bacteria
-Commensal turned into Opportunistic when too much grain is given (results in acidosis of the Rumen)
142
Opportunistic Pathogen
A microorganism that is normally a commensal in the host’s body, but can cause disease when it gains access to an abnormal location or infects a host with a diminished immune status
143
Three functions of intestinal microbiome
1. Protection
2. Structural
3. Metabolic
144
Ruminants evolved
A large pre-gastric fermentation chamber (the Rumen)
145
Uropathogenic E.coli is an example of
Commensal turned Opportunistic Infection
146
5 Major Groups of Rumen Microorganisms are:
-Bacteria (break down plant material into VFA)
-Protozoa (consume and ferment bacteria into VFA)
-Fungi (assist in fibre degradation)
-Archaea (produce methane)
-Bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria)
147
VFA is
Volatile Fatty Acid (primary source of energy in ruminants)
148
The primary source of energy in ruminants is called
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
149
Negative Interactions of the rumen include
-Predation
-Pathogens
-Competition for space and resources
150
Example of a Synergistic Interaction (cross feeding)
Cellulolytic bacteria
151
4 Functions of Escherichia coli include
-synthesis of vitamin K in intestine
-blood clotting
-breakdown of food
-food absorption and waste processing
152
Injury to the host that impairs the function of host tissue
Disease
153
Growth of microorganisms in/on tissues of the host
Infection
154
The response of the host tissue to injury or infection (ie. infiltration of tissue with WBCs, redness, swelling, pain)
Inflammation
155
Ability of a microorganism to enter the body and spread
Invasiveness
156
An organism that causes harm to the host
Pathogen
157
The degree/severity of a disease
Virulence
158
Mechanism of infection/by which the disease develops
Pathogenesis
159
Adhesins
Allows attachment to the host (ex. Fimbriae, pili, surface proteins)
160
Two types of toxins include
-Exotoxins
-Endotoxins
161
What is the purpose of Exotoxins
Produce enzymes to help bacteria travel
162
2 Examples of pathogens with exotoxins include
-Botulism
-Cholera
163
5 types of Exotoxins
-Cytotoxins
-Haemolysins
-Proteases
-Phospholipases
-Leukocidins
164
Examples of Endotoxins include
LPS, pyrogenic, toxic shock
165
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) release the neurotoxin Botulinum toxin, which prevents
Release of acetylcholine from synapse, resulting in paralysis and death
