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VETS1060: Animal & Vet Biology - In Semester Exam > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotes have

A

Many subcellular components (organoids) bound by an internal plasma membrane

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2
Q

Primary feature of Eukaryotes is that

A

Their primary nuclear material (DNA) is bound within a membrane (Nuclear Envelope)

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3
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Membrane that contains DNA

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4
Q

6 Main differences of Eukaryotic cells compared to Prokaryotic cells

A

-greater size
-nucleus is present with linear chromosomes
-histones are present
-membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
-flagella complexity
-cell wall structure differs (no capsule present)

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5
Q

Multicellular Eukaryotes include

A

-plants
-fungi
-animals

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6
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that bind DNA for regulation

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7
Q

Which Eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

-plants
-fungi (composed of chitin)

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8
Q

Epithelial Cell Junctions

A

Adhesion structures and molecules within external membrane that keep everything in place (animals only)

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9
Q

5 Features of a Eukaryotic Cell

A

-membrane bound organelles
-nucleus
-protein histone for regulation of DNA organization
-complex genetic expression
-cytoskeleton containing Actin and Tubulin

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10
Q

Eukaryotic Cells contain 5 main types of organelles:

A

-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-cytoskeleton
-mitochondria and plastids
-chloroplasts (plants)

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11
Q

Nucleus (4)

A

-control centre of cell
-contains genetic material (DNA) organized into Chromosomes
-site of synthesis of RNA (transcription)
-contains Histones (regulatory proteins that control how cells transcribe DNA)

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12
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by the

A

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Part of the nucleus that makes ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the Cytoplasm? What are some components found in it?

A

-rest of the cell
Components include:
-endomembrane system
-ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
-mitochondria and plasmids
-plasma membrane
-other inclusions

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15
Q

Egress

A

Molecules within nucleus, synthesized in cytoplasm, and secreted/released from cell

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16
Q

Ingress

A

Molecules/structures that are detected at the surface of the cell and taken in via membrane systems

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17
Q

Three functions of the Cytoskeleton + what it contains (2)

A

-structure/shape
-movement of cell and within cell
-control of cell division
-contains Actin and Tubulin

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18
Q

Actin and Tubulin are found

A

In the Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

Four functions of Mitochondria

A

-powerhouse of cell
-generates ATP (energy)
-makes Haem and specialized proteins
-cell signalling, control of cell cycle

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20
Q

Mitochondria have their own

A

DNA that replicates

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-found only in plants
-have their own DNA
-convert light energy into chemical energy
-one of many plastids

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22
Q

Plant cells differ from animal cells because they have

A

-cell wall and plasmodesmata
-chloroplasts
-central vacuole

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23
Q

Animal cells differ from plant cells because they contain

A

-centrioles
-lysosomes

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24
Q

Phylogenetic Tree is

A

A graphic representation of hypothetical origin of species or Taxa (groups of species) over time

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25
Q

Branch Point in Phylogenetic Tree

A

Shows the last common ancestor of taxa

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26
Q

Branches in Phylogenetic Tree represent

A

Divergence of species

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27
Q

Three domains of all life forms include

A

-Bacteria (Prokaryota)
-Archaea (Prokaryota)
-Eukaryotes (Eukaryota)

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28
Q

Serial Endosymbiosis Theory

A

-theory on how Eukaryotes rose
-cell membrane infolded in a bacterial cell —> eventually, the infolded membrane surround nuclear material (DNA) —> this advanced cell engulfed other bacterial cells that eventually became organelles

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29
Q

Theory of the origins of flagella, plastids, and mitochondria

A

Endosymbiotic Origin

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30
Q

3 pieces of Evidence that Endosymbioses is the origin of Eukaryote organelles:

A

-occurs today
-mitochondria and plastids have their own genomes and similar structures
-genetic sequence of DNA in mitochondria is similar to that of some prokaryotes

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31
Q

6 Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria

A

-size and morphology
-bound by double membrane like gram-negative bacteria
-similar enzymes and inner membrane transport systems
-binary fission
-circular DNA
-own protein synthesis machinery including rRNA and tRNA

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32
Q

Example of current Endosymbioses

A

Mixotricha paradoxa (termites) —> functions as a symbiotic assemblage of five different species living to form one living cell

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33
Q

Endosymbiont

A

An organism that lives within another organism

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34
Q

Autotrophy

A

Ability to be self-sustained by producing foods from inorganic compounds
Example: Algae

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35
Q

Heterotrophy

A

Food is sourced from organic compounds
Example: animals

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36
Q

Single Celled Eukaryotes (SCE)

A

Unicellular organisms

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37
Q

Most eukaryotes are

A

Single celled

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38
Q

Eukaryota can be divided into three kingdoms

A

-Animals
-Plants
-Fungi

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39
Q

SCE clades/groups are classified based on these 5 features

A

-molecular sequence
-cell ultrastructure
-presence/absence of locomotory structures
-presence/absence of mitochondria and plastids
-structure of membrane

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40
Q

5 super groups of SCE

A

-Flagellates
-Alveolata (Apicomplexans and CIliates)
-Amoebozoans
-Opisthokonts
-Plant-like Organisms (red and green algae)

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41
Q

Flagellates are also called

A

Excavata

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42
Q

Flagellate sub groups include

A

-Diplomondida (ex. Giardia)
-Euglenozoa (ex. Trypanosoma)

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43
Q

Flagellates / Excavata have 3 key features

A

-anterior (front end) falgella
-usually 2+ flagella per cell
-highly modified mitochondria

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44
Q

How do Flagella and Cilia differ?

A

Flagellum: (Latin for whip)
-long, threadlike, on surface of cell
-wave-like and slow beat

Cilium: (Latin for eyelash)
-short, hairlike, on surface of cell
-abundant
-fast and rotating beat

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45
Q

Diplomonadida

A

-sub group of flagellates
-lack mitochondria (possess “Mitosomes”)
-lack plastids
-mostly anaerobic
-mostly symbiotic
-many are parasitic

Example: Giardia

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46
Q

Mitosomes

A

Mitochondria-like organelle but not used for ATP generation

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47
Q

Locomotory appendages are called

A

Flagella

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48
Q

Symbiotic

A

Live within other organisms

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49
Q

Parasites

A

Cause harm to the organism they live in

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50
Q

Anaerobic

A

Adapted to life in low oxygen

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51
Q

Giardia

A

-part of Diplomonadida, Flagellates
-intestinal parasite containing resistant cysts that contaminate water supply

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52
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

-Parasitic Euglenozoids (Flagellates)
-mitochondria has a large circular DNA body
-heterotrophs
-free living and can be parasitic

Example: Trypanosoma

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53
Q

Trypanosoma

A

-type of Kinetoplastid (Euglenozoid, Flagellate)
-some species live in circulatory system of vertebrates
-responsible for disease (Nagana in animals, Sleeping Sickness in humans, Chagas Disease)

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54
Q

Diplomonadida

A

Sub group of Flagellates

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55
Q

Euglenozoa

A

Sub group of flagellates

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56
Q

Diplomonadida lack

A

Mitochondria

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57
Q

Most species of Diplomonadida are

A

Anaerobic

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58
Q

Giardia is an ____ parasite

A

Intestinal

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59
Q

Circle of DNA inside mitochondrion is called

A

Kinetoplast

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60
Q

Kinetoplastids divide via

A

Binary fission

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61
Q

Three examples of Kinetoplastids

A

-African Trypanosomes (sleeping sickness/nagana)
-New World Trypanosome (Chagas Disease)
-Leishmaniasis

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62
Q

Two subgroups of Alveolata Phyla are

A

-Apicomplexa
-Ciliata

63
Q

Ciliata and Apicomplexa are subgroups of

A

Alveolata

64
Q

Apicomplexans are

A

Obligatory parasites

65
Q

Movement of Apicomplexans is done by

A

Gliding that relies on the flow of their environment

66
Q

Apicomplexans are named after their

A

Apical Complex used to invade other cells

67
Q

Babesia is an example of

A

Apicomplexans

68
Q

Babesia is also called

A

Tick fever

69
Q

Which Apicomplexan invades the red blood cells of cattle

A

Babesia

70
Q

Intracellular parasites live

A

Within a cell

71
Q

Organelle similar to chloroplast but lacking chlorophyll is

A

Apicoplast

72
Q

Tick Fever can be caused by 3 different pathogens:

A

-2 species of Babesia
-1 species of prokaryotes

73
Q

Babesia is a parasite under what subgroup and phylum?

A

Apicomplexans, Alveolata

74
Q

Babesia is transmitted to ____ via ____

A

Cattle; tick

75
Q

Ciliata is a subgroup of

A

Alveolata

76
Q

The freshwater unicellular Alveolates are

A

Ciliata

77
Q

Ciliata use ____ for movement and feeding

A

Cilia

78
Q

Cilia is similar to flagella but is

A

Smaller

79
Q

Balantidium coli affects ____

A

Pigs

80
Q

A vet significant ciliate is

A

Balantidium coli

81
Q

A dual nucleus has

A

-two nuclei
-macro (“desktop”) nucleus
-micro (“iCloud”) nucleus

82
Q

Conjugation is a form of

A

Sexual reproduction

83
Q

Macronucleus

A

Transcribed nucleus copied from the micronucleus

84
Q

Micronucleus

A

Primary nucleus for germ line transmission

85
Q

Which nucleus is used constantly in Ciliata

A

Macronucleus

86
Q

The Macronucleus of ciliates is functional for

A

About 200 generations

87
Q

Ciliates reproduce via

A

Conjugation and cell division

88
Q

Conjugation of Ciliates

A

-ciliates
-micro and macro nuclei make copies of themselves
-Macronucleus is broken down and remade
-two cells merge cytoplasm

89
Q

Rumens contain ____ and ____ for ____

A

Prokaryotes and Ciliates ; Digestion

90
Q

Closest relative to green algae are

A

Land plants

91
Q

Algae is divided into

A

-red algae (rhodophyta)
-green algae (chlorophyta)

92
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Red algae

93
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae

94
Q

Red algae is used for

A

-sushi wraps
-agar (microbiology)
-food stabilizers
-ice cream

95
Q

Major autotroph in the marine environment is

A

Green algae

96
Q

Chlorophyta are closely related to

A

Land plants

97
Q

SCE that are not structured and fluid in shape are

A

Amoebae

98
Q

Amoebae move via

A

Cytoplasmic flow through pseudopodia (projections)

99
Q

Flagellum are usually absent in

A

Amoebae

100
Q

Pseudopodium in Latin means

A

“False foot”

101
Q

Pseudopodia are used for

A

Movement and capturing of prey

102
Q

Amoebae are

A

Single celled eukaryotes that are fluid like

103
Q

Amoebae reside in

A

Soil, fresh water, and marine environments

104
Q

Two types of opportunistic parasitic amoebae are

A

-Acanthamoeba
-Naegleria

105
Q

Free-living ____ can enter the brain/eye of host usually through freshwater contact

A

Amoebae

106
Q

E.histolytica is under the phyla

A

Amoebae

107
Q

E.histolytica can be found in ____ but rarely causes disease

A

Dogs

108
Q

Slime moulds were thought to be ____ but are actually _____

A

Fungi; Amoebae

109
Q

_____ have elements of both unicellular and multicellular life

A

Slime Moulds

110
Q

Opisthokonts Latin meaning

A

Opistho: “behind”
Konts: “flagellum”

111
Q

Opisthokonts have a

A

Single posterior flagellum

112
Q

Unicellular species with a single flagellum are

A

Opisthokonts

113
Q

Important group related to animals are

A

Choanoflagellates

114
Q

“Choano” means

A

Collar

115
Q

Choanoflagelltas use ____ for feeding

A

Flagella to produce a water current

116
Q

Multicellular group within the Opisthokonts are

A

Animals

117
Q

Metazoa arose from ____, specifically _____

A

Opisthokonts; Choanoflagellates

118
Q

Fungi arose from

A

Opisthokonts

119
Q

Babesia infects the

A

Red blood cells of cattle

120
Q

Parasite that forms assemblages in RBCs and feast on cell until it ruptures

A

Babesia (tick fever)

121
Q

A very efficient Apicomplexan parasite is

A

Babesia

122
Q

Babesia is part of the subgroup ____ and phyla ____

A

Apicomplexa; Alveolata

123
Q

Which parasite has resistant cysts

A

Giardia

124
Q

Abiotic Components are

A

Interactions with the physical and chemical environment

125
Q

Biotic Components are

A

Interactions with other organisms

126
Q

Intraspecific Interactions are

A

Interactions between individuals of the SAME species

127
Q

Interactions between individual of different species is called

A

Interspecific Interactions

128
Q

Three main types of Interspecific Interactions include

A

-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism

129
Q

Symbioses in Latin means:

A

Sym: “together”
Bioses: “life”

130
Q

Associations where organisms live together is called

A

Symbioses

131
Q

Three primary sorts of symbiotic relationships include

A

-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism

132
Q

When two organisms benefit from their relationship

A

Mutualism

133
Q

When one species benefits and one is neither harmed nor benefits is

A

Commensalism

134
Q

B.hepatica (adult stomach flukes in cattle) are an example of

A

Commensalism

135
Q

Ciliates digesting cellulose in the ruminant stomach is an example of

A

Mutualism

136
Q

One species benefits and one species is harmed

A

Parasitism

137
Q

A parasite that lives within a host is called an

A

Endoparasite

138
Q

A parasite that lives on the external surface of the host is called an

A

Ectoparasite

139
Q

Nagana (sleeping sickness) is a parasite that affects

A

Animals and humans

140
Q

Malaria

A

-Apicomplexan Intracellular parasite that invades RBCs

141
Q

Which parasite can hide from the immune system

A

Malaria

142
Q

Haemolysis is

A

The breakdown of cells

143
Q

Apicomplexan disease affecting the lining of livestock GI tract

A

Coccidiosis

144
Q

Important parasite of intensive livestock production (especially chickens)

A

Coccidiosis

145
Q

Kangaroos are especially sensitive to

A

Coccidiosis

146
Q

Coccidiosis is a disease associated with

A

Stress and overcrowding

147
Q

Asexual reproduction of Coccidiosis occurs in

A

The intestinal mucosa

148
Q

Sexual reproduction of Coccidiosis occurs in ____ and travels to _____ via _____

A

Intestinal mucosa (GI tract); external environment; faeces

149
Q

Oocyst is excreted via faeces to external environment (disease especially important in chickens)

A

Coccidioses

150
Q

Type of flagellate SCE parasite

A

African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness / Nagana)

151
Q

Nagana or sleeping sickness is transmitted via

A

Tsetse fly

152
Q

A parasite that affects One Health includes

A

Trypanosomiasis

153
Q

Nagana affects

A

Cattle

VETS1060: Animal & Vet Biology - In Semester Exam (8 decks)

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