Eukaryotes Flashcards by Tiffany Carter

Eukaryotes have

Many subcellular components (organoids) bound by an internal plasma membrane

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Primary feature of Eukaryotes is that

Their primary nuclear material (DNA) is bound within a membrane (Nuclear Envelope)

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Nuclear Envelope

Membrane that contains DNA

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6 Main differences of Eukaryotic cells compared to Prokaryotic cells

-greater size
-nucleus is present with linear chromosomes
-histones are present
-membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
-flagella complexity
-cell wall structure differs (no capsule present)

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Multicellular Eukaryotes include

-plants
-fungi
-animals

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Histones

Proteins that bind DNA for regulation

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Which Eukaryotes have a cell wall?

-plants
-fungi (composed of chitin)

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Epithelial Cell Junctions

Adhesion structures and molecules within external membrane that keep everything in place (animals only)

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5 Features of a Eukaryotic Cell

-membrane bound organelles
-nucleus
-protein histone for regulation of DNA organization
-complex genetic expression
-cytoskeleton containing Actin and Tubulin

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Eukaryotic Cells contain 5 main types of organelles:

-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-cytoskeleton
-mitochondria and plastids
-chloroplasts (plants)

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Nucleus (4)

-control centre of cell
-contains genetic material (DNA) organized into Chromosomes
-site of synthesis of RNA (transcription)
-contains Histones (regulatory proteins that control how cells transcribe DNA)

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Nucleus is surrounded by the

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

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Nucleolus

Part of the nucleus that makes ribosomes

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What is the Cytoplasm? What are some components found in it?

-rest of the cell
Components include:
-endomembrane system
-ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
-mitochondria and plasmids
-plasma membrane
-other inclusions

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Egress

Molecules within nucleus, synthesized in cytoplasm, and secreted/released from cell

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Ingress

Molecules/structures that are detected at the surface of the cell and taken in via membrane systems

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Three functions of the Cytoskeleton + what it contains (2)

-structure/shape
-movement of cell and within cell
-control of cell division
-contains Actin and Tubulin

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Actin and Tubulin are found

In the Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic cells

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Four functions of Mitochondria

-powerhouse of cell
-generates ATP (energy)
-makes Haem and specialized proteins
-cell signalling, control of cell cycle

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Mitochondria have their own

DNA that replicates

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Chloroplasts

-found only in plants
-have their own DNA
-convert light energy into chemical energy
-one of many plastids

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Plant cells differ from animal cells because they have

-cell wall and plasmodesmata
-chloroplasts
-central vacuole

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Animal cells differ from plant cells because they contain

-centrioles
-lysosomes

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Phylogenetic Tree is

A graphic representation of hypothetical origin of species or Taxa (groups of species) over time

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Branch Point in Phylogenetic Tree

Shows the last common ancestor of taxa

Branches in Phylogenetic Tree represent

Divergence of species

Three domains of all life forms include

-Bacteria (Prokaryota) -Archaea (Prokaryota) -Eukaryotes (Eukaryota)

Serial Endosymbiosis Theory

-theory on how Eukaryotes rose -cell membrane infolded in a bacterial cell —> eventually, the infolded membrane surround nuclear material (DNA) —> this advanced cell engulfed other bacterial cells that eventually became organelles

Theory of the origins of flagella, plastids, and mitochondria

Endosymbiotic Origin

3 pieces of Evidence that Endosymbioses is the origin of Eukaryote organelles:

-occurs today -mitochondria and plastids have their own genomes and similar structures -genetic sequence of DNA in mitochondria is similar to that of some prokaryotes

6 Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria

-size and morphology -bound by double membrane like gram-negative bacteria -similar enzymes and inner membrane transport systems -binary fission -circular DNA -own protein synthesis machinery including rRNA and tRNA

Example of current Endosymbioses

Mixotricha paradoxa (termites) —> functions as a symbiotic assemblage of five different species living to form one living cell

Endosymbiont

An organism that lives within another organism

Autotrophy

Ability to be self-sustained by producing foods from inorganic compounds Example: Algae

Heterotrophy

Food is sourced from organic compounds Example: animals

Single Celled Eukaryotes (SCE)

Unicellular organisms

Most eukaryotes are

Single celled

Eukaryota can be divided into three kingdoms

-Animals -Plants -Fungi

SCE clades/groups are classified based on these 5 features

-molecular sequence -cell ultrastructure -presence/absence of locomotory structures -presence/absence of mitochondria and plastids -structure of membrane

5 super groups of SCE

-Flagellates -Alveolata (Apicomplexans and CIliates) -Amoebozoans -Opisthokonts -Plant-like Organisms (red and green algae)

Flagellates are also called

Excavata

Flagellate sub groups include

-Diplomondida (ex. Giardia) -Euglenozoa (ex. Trypanosoma)

Flagellates / Excavata have 3 key features

-anterior (front end) falgella -usually 2+ flagella per cell -highly modified mitochondria

How do Flagella and Cilia differ?

Flagellum: (Latin for whip) -long, threadlike, on surface of cell -wave-like and slow beat Cilium: (Latin for eyelash) -short, hairlike, on surface of cell -abundant -fast and rotating beat

Diplomonadida

-sub group of flagellates -lack mitochondria (possess “Mitosomes”) -lack plastids -mostly anaerobic -mostly symbiotic -many are parasitic Example: Giardia

Mitosomes

Mitochondria-like organelle but not used for ATP generation

Locomotory appendages are called

Flagella

Symbiotic

Live within other organisms

Parasites

Cause harm to the organism they live in

Anaerobic

Adapted to life in low oxygen

Giardia

-part of Diplomonadida, Flagellates -intestinal parasite containing resistant cysts that contaminate water supply

Kinetoplastids

-Parasitic Euglenozoids (Flagellates) -mitochondria has a large circular DNA body -heterotrophs -free living and can be parasitic Example: Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma

-type of Kinetoplastid (Euglenozoid, Flagellate) -some species live in circulatory system of vertebrates -responsible for disease (Nagana in animals, Sleeping Sickness in humans, Chagas Disease)

Diplomonadida

Sub group of Flagellates

Euglenozoa

Sub group of flagellates

Diplomonadida lack

Mitochondria

Most species of Diplomonadida are

Anaerobic

Giardia is an ____ parasite

Intestinal

Circle of DNA inside mitochondrion is called

Kinetoplast

Kinetoplastids divide via

Binary fission

Three examples of Kinetoplastids

-African Trypanosomes (sleeping sickness/nagana) -New World Trypanosome (Chagas Disease) -Leishmaniasis

Two subgroups of Alveolata Phyla are

-Apicomplexa -Ciliata

Ciliata and Apicomplexa are subgroups of

Alveolata

Apicomplexans are

Obligatory parasites

Movement of Apicomplexans is done by

Gliding that relies on the flow of their environment

Apicomplexans are named after their

Apical Complex used to invade other cells

Babesia is an example of

Apicomplexans

Babesia is also called

Tick fever

Which Apicomplexan invades the red blood cells of cattle

Babesia

Intracellular parasites live

Within a cell

Organelle similar to chloroplast but lacking chlorophyll is

Apicoplast

Tick Fever can be caused by 3 different pathogens:

-2 species of Babesia -1 species of prokaryotes

Babesia is a parasite under what subgroup and phylum?

Apicomplexans, Alveolata

Babesia is transmitted to ____ via ____

Cattle; tick

Ciliata is a subgroup of

Alveolata

The freshwater unicellular Alveolates are

Ciliata

Ciliata use ____ for movement and feeding

Cilia

Cilia is similar to flagella but is

Smaller

Balantidium coli affects ____

Pigs

A vet significant ciliate is

Balantidium coli

A dual nucleus has

-two nuclei -macro (“desktop”) nucleus -micro (“iCloud”) nucleus

Conjugation is a form of

Sexual reproduction

Macronucleus

Transcribed nucleus copied from the micronucleus

Micronucleus

Primary nucleus for germ line transmission

Which nucleus is used constantly in Ciliata

Macronucleus

The Macronucleus of ciliates is functional for

About 200 generations

Ciliates reproduce via

Conjugation and cell division

Conjugation of Ciliates

-ciliates -micro and macro nuclei make copies of themselves -Macronucleus is broken down and remade -two cells merge cytoplasm

Rumens contain ____ and ____ for ____

Prokaryotes and Ciliates ; Digestion

Closest relative to green algae are

Land plants

Algae is divided into

-red algae (rhodophyta) -green algae (chlorophyta)

Rhodophyta

Red algae

Chlorophyta

Green algae

Red algae is used for

-sushi wraps -agar (microbiology) -food stabilizers -ice cream

Major autotroph in the marine environment is

Green algae

Chlorophyta are closely related to

Land plants

SCE that are not structured and fluid in shape are

Amoebae

Amoebae move via

Cytoplasmic flow through pseudopodia (projections)

Flagellum are usually absent in

Amoebae

Pseudopodium in Latin means

“False foot”

Pseudopodia are used for

Movement and capturing of prey

Amoebae are

Single celled eukaryotes that are fluid like

Amoebae reside in

Soil, fresh water, and marine environments

Two types of opportunistic parasitic amoebae are

-Acanthamoeba -Naegleria

Free-living ____ can enter the brain/eye of host usually through freshwater contact

Amoebae

E.histolytica is under the phyla

Amoebae

E.histolytica can be found in ____ but rarely causes disease

Dogs

Slime moulds were thought to be ____ but are actually _____

Fungi; Amoebae

_____ have elements of both unicellular and multicellular life

Slime Moulds

Opisthokonts Latin meaning

Opistho: “behind” Konts: “flagellum”

Opisthokonts have a

Single posterior flagellum

Unicellular species with a single flagellum are

Opisthokonts

Important group related to animals are

Choanoflagellates

“Choano” means

Collar

Choanoflagelltas use ____ for feeding

Flagella to produce a water current

Multicellular group within the Opisthokonts are

Animals

Metazoa arose from ____, specifically _____

Opisthokonts; Choanoflagellates

Fungi arose from

Opisthokonts

Babesia infects the

Red blood cells of cattle

Parasite that forms assemblages in RBCs and feast on cell until it ruptures

Babesia (tick fever)

A very efficient Apicomplexan parasite is

Babesia

Babesia is part of the subgroup ____ and phyla ____

Apicomplexa; Alveolata

Which parasite has resistant cysts

Giardia

Abiotic Components are

Interactions with the physical and chemical environment

Biotic Components are

Interactions with other organisms

Intraspecific Interactions are

Interactions between individuals of the SAME species

Interactions between individual of different species is called

Interspecific Interactions

Three main types of Interspecific Interactions include

-commensalism -mutualism -parasitism

Symbioses in Latin means:

Sym: “together” Bioses: “life”

Associations where organisms live together is called

Symbioses

Three primary sorts of symbiotic relationships include

-commensalism -mutualism -parasitism

When two organisms benefit from their relationship

Mutualism

When one species benefits and one is neither harmed nor benefits is

Commensalism

B.hepatica (adult stomach flukes in cattle) are an example of

Commensalism

Ciliates digesting cellulose in the ruminant stomach is an example of

Mutualism

One species benefits and one species is harmed

Parasitism

A parasite that lives within a host is called an

Endoparasite

A parasite that lives on the external surface of the host is called an

Ectoparasite

Nagana (sleeping sickness) is a parasite that affects

Animals and humans

Malaria

-Apicomplexan Intracellular parasite that invades RBCs

Which parasite can hide from the immune system

Malaria

Haemolysis is

The breakdown of cells

Apicomplexan disease affecting the lining of livestock GI tract

Coccidiosis

Important parasite of intensive livestock production (especially chickens)

Coccidiosis

Kangaroos are especially sensitive to

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is a disease associated with

Stress and overcrowding

Asexual reproduction of Coccidiosis occurs in

The intestinal mucosa

Sexual reproduction of Coccidiosis occurs in ____ and travels to _____ via _____

Intestinal mucosa (GI tract); external environment; faeces

Oocyst is excreted via faeces to external environment (disease especially important in chickens)

Coccidioses

Type of flagellate SCE parasite

African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness / Nagana)

Nagana or sleeping sickness is transmitted via

Tsetse fly

A parasite that affects One Health includes

Trypanosomiasis

Nagana affects

Cattle