projects

Question 1

Creatine monohydrate:
structure, synthesis, sources non sport

Answer 1

• Endogenous: arginine, glycine and methionine in liver, kidneys and pancreas
• exogenous: can be taken as a supplement or found in foods like meat, fish, and poultry
• supports cognitive function in older adults
• 5g/day supplementation is safe
• 1-3g made endogenously + exogenously replenishes lost CM in urine

Question 2

CM drug testing, rate of intake in sport, risks, rationale

Answer 2

-Not on Wada list or ABP
- 20g/day x5day for loading
- could cause muscle cramping, nausea, and water retention (causing weight gain)
- Rationale: creatine monohydrate => H2O + Creatine => Creatine phosphate (high energy yielding fuel substrate)
- supplementing with CM => inc energy for 3-90 sec energy system (high intensity low duration)

Question 3

Anabolic Steroids: structure/synthesis, sources non-sport, safe rate non-sport

Answer 3

• Modified synthetic structure of testosterone; testosterone is produced in the pituitary gland (converting androstenedione –> testosterone in testes)
• AS binds to adrenergic receptors and converts dihydrotestosterone in testes
• Used to treat Obstructive pulmonary disease ~100mg/week for men

Question 4

AS drug test, risks, rate in sport, rationale

Answer 4

• Yes, WADA uses steroidal markers (testosterone, androsterone, 5Adiol) in urine tests, in the S1 section.
• Yes, on ABP. Values of testosterone < 1ng/mL; androsterone <500ng/mL adn 5Adiol<10ng/mL
• Sport intake is > 200mg/day dependent on type of AS.
• Inc risk of tendon rupture, plasma lipoprotein inc, endocrine and reproductive damage

Question 5

Caffeine: structure/synthesis, sources non-sport, safe rate non-sport

Answer 5

• Exogenous: xanthine-alkaloid in coffee/tea plants (not in humans)
• Consumed thru coffee, tea, chocolate; stimulating the CNS inc energy and attention
• Medically used for headaches (found in acetaminophen (tylenol) and asprin)
• Safe rate 80-400mg/day

Question 6

Caffeine: Drug test, safe rate sport, risks, rationale

Answer 6

• not on WADA or ABP
• 3-6mg/kg caffeine inc sports performance with no limit
• Risks: insomnia, anxiety, addiction
• Improves performance and attention/focus in exercise by stimulating CNS
• Inc the Ca2+ uptake in muscle cells, inc cAMP, and inc release of dopamine and NE by inhibiting adenosine receptors

Question 7

Amphetamines: structure, synthesis, source non-sport, rate non-sport

Answer 7

• CNS stimulants 2 methyl groups + amine group + Acarbon
• Synthesis = Phenylacetone + formamide = amphetamines
• synthetic drugs - not nutritional or found in any natural foods - Dextroamphetamine is used to treat ADHD, Narcolepsy, and mood disorders
  -5-20mg lasts 30-90 minutes inc alertness, wakefulness, inc work capacity and dec muscle fatigue

Question 8

Amphetamines: drug test, rate in sport, risks, and rationale

Answer 8

• Yes WADA - over 25microg/mL in C6 on the list
• Yes on ABP - in urine, or blood sample
• 5-20mg for a 30-90misn effect
• Risks: Serotonin Syndrome: too much serotonin is released in the brain (drug-induced) and causes serotonin toxicity
• inc BP and HR, insomnia, convulsions, paranoia, and ruptured blood vessels. Long term: dyskinesia, schizophrenia, damage of nerves
  -Rationale: inc dopamine, NE (norepinephrine), and serotonin => inc alertness, competitiveness, and aggressiveness, dec fatigue. Also showed to inc endurance exercise performance (dec exertion)