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1
Q

What is DRI

A

Dietary Reference intakes - planning and assessing diets and specific to life stage, age, gender etc

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2
Q

What is AI

A

Adequate Intake - recommended value for DRI based on healthy people

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3
Q

What is RDA

A

recommended dietary allowances - nutrient goals for 97-98% of people

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4
Q

What is EAR

A

Estimated Average requirements - average daily intake estimated to meet requirement for 50% of healthy people

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5
Q

What is AMDR

A

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges - values of nutrients into percentage of daily calories

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6
Q

What is DV

A

Daily value - nutrient standards comparing caloric values

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

1 sugar molecule (ex glucose or fructose)

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8
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 sugar molecules (ex sucrose)

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9
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

3-9 sugar molecules (legumes)

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10
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

10+ sugar molecules like starch/fiber/glycogen
can be from plants or animals
made up of glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

What is glucose?

A

Blood sugar, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver or converted to fat
used directly by cell and is primary source for CNS

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12
Q

what is sucrose made up of?

A

glucose+fructose

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13
Q

what is lactose made up of?

A

glucose+galactose

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14
Q

what is maltose made up of?

A

2 glucose

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15
Q

what is dietary starch

A

a complex carb, 50% of diet is plant starch

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16
Q

What is plant fiber?

A

-resists hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes
-water soluble gums and pectin lower cholestrol
-scrapes cells of gut wall and eliminates undigested foods
-shortens transit time for food residue

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17
Q

what do animal saccharides do

A

synthesized from glucose during glycogenolysis to provide extra musclular glucose supply

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18
Q

what is amylose

A

straight chain of glucose that is digestible by the body (salvary amylase and then pancreatic amylase)

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19
Q

How does dietary fiber lower serum cholesterol?

A

-delays gastric emptying -> flattened glucose curve -> lower insulin secretion -> stimulation of HMG-CoA reductase-> lower serem cholestrol

-interferes with digestive enzymes ->lowers cholesterol absoption->lowers exogenous cholestrol availible

increases use of blood cholesrtrol for bile synthesis in liver

inhibits cholestrol synthesis

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20
Q

how does dietary fibre lower insulin surge

A

gel formation in stomach causes delayed gastric emptying, leading to uniform levels of CHO in small intestine and flattened glucose curve

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21
Q

what are the 4 ways glycogen is synthesized?

A

Glucose + Hexokinase (ATP → ADP + Pi) → Gluc - 6P

Glucose - 6P + Phosphoglucomutase → Glucose-1P

Glucose-1P + UTP → UDP-glucose + Pyrophosphate
*(Uridine triphospahte is used as energy instead of ATP)

UDP-Glucose is added in a chain by Glycogen synthase → Glycogen

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22
Q

What is the glycemic index

A

how carbs will affect blood glucose as a percentage
below GI of 55 allows for gradual increase and decrease
state of food changes GI

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23
Q

what are the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic values for fasting blood glucose?

A

Normal: < 100mg/dL (~5.5mM/L)
Pre-diabetes: 100 - 126mg/dL
Diabetes: > 126mg/dL

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24
Q

what are the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic values for oral glucose tolerance?

A

Normal: <140mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 140-200 mg/dL
Diabetes: > 200mg/dL

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25
what is hypoglycemia
low blood sugar (below 45mg/dL) causes weakness, dizziness, hunger, and impairment in exercise also can cause brain damage if long term due to it being main source of energy for CNS
26
What are the 3 types of fatty acids?
-Saturated Fatty Acids: 1 single covalent bond Primarily in animal fats (not healthy) -Unsaturated Fatty Acids: 1 or more double bonds (covalent) in the main carbon chain (healthy fats) Essential Fatty Acids: Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize Linoleic Acid – Omega 6 polyunsat Alpha-lineoleic – omega 3 FA Oleic acid – major omega 9 FA
27
What are phospholipids
1 or more fatty acids – phosphorus group, and nitrogenous base
28
what are Glycolipids
Fatty acid bound with a carbohydrate
29
what are Lipoproteins
Proteins joined with triacylglycerols or phospholipids
30
What is HDL
High Density Lipoprotein: (HDL) Reverses cholesterol transport to the liver Produced mainly in the liver
31
confidence boost - are you retarded
yes u fucking are keep studying dumbass
32
What is LDL
Low Density Lipoprotein Transports the cholesterol to arterial tissue
33
What is VLDL
Very low density lipoprotein Transports TGs to muscle and adipose tissue
34
What are Chylomicrons?
Emulified lipid droplets – long chain TAG, phospholipids, FFA take lipids from SI to the liver
35
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
36
what is the recommended protien intake for an adolecent
0.9g/kg body weight
37
what is the recommended protien intake for an adult
0.8g/kg body weight
38
what are the water soluble vitamins
vitamin B/C can piss these out and act as coenzymes
39
what are the fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A, D, E, K accumulate in fat and cannot piss them out
40
what is osteoporosis
loss of bone density, osteopenia is when they are weakened
41
what is the female athlete triad
-Low energy availability – cutting of eating disorders -Menstrual dysfunction –Amenorrhea: stoppage periods Olgiomenorrhea: irregular periods Caused by hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction -Impaired bone health – osteoporosis or stress fractures
42
(confidence boost) youve made it past L1, good job
ur still retarded
43
What does the large intestine do
Stores: Feces, bacteria to ferment food, H2O reapbsorption, bacteria that make VIT K and Biotin
44
What enzymes are involved in the digestion of carbs
Salivary amylase: starch → disaccharides Pancreatic amylase: dextrins (polysaccharide chains) → glucose in branched chains in SI Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase: Brush border → monosaccharide absorption in SI → caps → hepatic port and liver
45
What enzymes are responsible for lipid digestion
Lingual lipase Gastric lipase → digest fats Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) & Secretin → slows gastric motility Pancreatic lipase → breakdown TAG Lipoprotein lipase in cap walls → TAG breakdown
46
how are proteins digested
Pepsin (in chief cells) → protein breakdown → short polypeptides → inc SA for digestion Trypsin from the pancreas → makes peptide fragments (1-2-3) Peptides absorbed with H+ gradient
47
how are vitamins absorbed
Passive process in the jejunum and ileum Vit B12 → intrinsic factor from stomach → aids in absorption SI absorbs intrinsic factor → endocytosis Dietary lipids absorb fat soluble ADEK
48
what factors affect mineral absorption
Bioavailability Transit time from the source to the absorption site pH in Lumen Receptor sites in mucosa and brush border and the mineral getting there
49
what is the formula for cellular respiration? what is it used for?
6 H2O + 6CO2 + Sunshine ←> glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 recovery of food and chemical energy
50
what is oxidation? what is reduction?
Oxidation → Losing a H+ Reduction → Gaining a H+
51
how much ATP is stored in the body
100g
52
what is the formula for energy produced from ATP
ATP + H2O + ATPAase → ADP + Pi + 7.3 kcal/mol energy
53
What is the PCr formula for energy
PCr + ADP → CR + ATP
54
how much ATPdoes NADH produce? how much for FADH2?
Net yield of 1.5 ATP per FADH2 Net yield of 2.5 ATP per NADH 1 ATP = 7kcal/mol
55
How much energy does the ETC chain produce?
1 molecule of NADH makes 18kcal, and it is 34% efficient
56
what are the 3 conditions of ATP resynthesis
Availability of NADH and FADH2 in tissues Presence of oxidizing agent (O2) must be present in tissues Sufficient [enzyme] and mitochondria in the tissues that are the rate determining factor of ATP resynthesis
57
how does oxidation of lactate occur? (when O2 is available)
2 C2H5O3 (lactate) - 2H+ + (Lactate Dehydrogenase) → 2 C2H3O3 (Pyruvate)
58
how does reduction of lactate occur? (when O2 is not available)
2 C3H3O3 (pyruvate) + 2 H+ + (Lactate dehydrogenase)→ 2 C2H5O3 (Lactate)
59
How much energy does glucose generate?
1 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal energy 1 molecule ATP = 7.3 kcal therefore 686 kcal glucose energy = 686/7.3 = 93.9 ATP IN A CLOSED RXN Bc ETC is only 34% efficient → 686*0.34 = 233 kcal/molecule gluc 233/7.3 = YIELDS 32 ATP total
60
describe anerobic glucose breakdown
Glycolysis breaks down 2 C3H3O3 (pyruvate) redux reaction
61
describe aerobic glucose breakdown
Pyruvate breaks down → CO2 + H2O Citric acid cycle breaks down the pyruvate → lactate → CO2 + H2O Oxidative Reaction bc O2 is an H+ acceptor
62
Describe the Cori cycle/lactate shuttle
Lactic acid from the muscle → veins → heart → Lactate + H+ Lactate → liver → converted to pyruvate (LDH) then pyruvate → glucose (gluconeogenesis → takes 6 ATP for this conversion) Blood [glucose] maintained and muscle and liver glycogen stores are replenished Glucose released in liver’s venous drainage → heart → arterial blood → skeletal muscle Costly way of making glucose bc it takes 6 ATP just to convert the pyruvate → glucose
63
what are the steps of the citric acid cycle
Stage 1: Uses 1 acetate (Acetyl-CoA) and 3H2O per cycle Produces 3CO2 per cycle 4 NAD+ → 4 NADH and 1FAD → FADH ( → ETC) 2 C3H3O3 + 6H2O → 6CO2 + 2OH + 2CoA Stage 2: Pyruvate + CoA +NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ Pyruvate is joined with CoA (to make acetyl-CoA) in the process you reduce NAD+ and get 2 H+ 1 pyruvate = 3CO2, 8H+ (NADH and H+), 2H+ (FADH2) + 1 GTP The products (NADH, H+, and FADH2) go into ETC and produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation Net yield: 32 ATP

bpk 312 (3 decks)

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