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MT Flashcards

1
Q

What is DRI

A

Dietary Reference intakes - planning and assessing diets and specific to life stage, age, gender etc

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2
Q

What is AI

A

Adequate Intake - recommended value for DRI based on healthy people

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3
Q

What is RDA

A

recommended dietary allowances - nutrient goals for 97-98% of people

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4
Q

What is EAR

A

Estimated Average requirements - average daily intake estimated to meet requirement for 50% of healthy people

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5
Q

What is AMDR

A

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges - values of nutrients into percentage of daily calories

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6
Q

What is DV

A

Daily value - nutrient standards comparing caloric values

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

1 sugar molecule (ex glucose or fructose)

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8
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 sugar molecules (ex sucrose)

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9
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

3-9 sugar molecules (legumes)

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10
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

10+ sugar molecules like starch/fiber/glycogen
can be from plants or animals
made up of glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

What is glucose?

A

Blood sugar, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver or converted to fat
used directly by cell and is primary source for CNS

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12
Q

what is sucrose made up of?

A

glucose+fructose

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13
Q

what is lactose made up of?

A

glucose+galactose

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14
Q

what is maltose made up of?

A

2 glucose

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15
Q

what is dietary starch

A

a complex carb, 50% of diet is plant starch

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16
Q

What is plant fiber?

A

-resists hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes
-water soluble gums and pectin lower cholestrol
-scrapes cells of gut wall and eliminates undigested foods
-shortens transit time for food residue

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17
Q

what do animal saccharides do

A

synthesized from glucose during glycogenolysis to provide extra musclular glucose supply

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18
Q

what is amylose

A

straight chain of glucose that is digestible by the body (salvary amylase and then pancreatic amylase)

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19
Q

How does dietary fiber lower serum cholesterol?

A

-delays gastric emptying -> flattened glucose curve -> lower insulin secretion -> stimulation of HMG-CoA reductase-> lower serem cholestrol

-interferes with digestive enzymes ->lowers cholesterol absoption->lowers exogenous cholestrol availible

increases use of blood cholesrtrol for bile synthesis in liver

inhibits cholestrol synthesis

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20
Q

how does dietary fibre lower insulin surge

A

gel formation in stomach causes delayed gastric emptying, leading to uniform levels of CHO in small intestine and flattened glucose curve

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21
Q

what are the 4 ways glycogen is synthesized?

A

Glucose + Hexokinase (ATP → ADP + Pi) → Gluc - 6P

Glucose - 6P + Phosphoglucomutase → Glucose-1P

Glucose-1P + UTP → UDP-glucose + Pyrophosphate
*(Uridine triphospahte is used as energy instead of ATP)

UDP-Glucose is added in a chain by Glycogen synthase → Glycogen

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22
Q

What is the glycemic index

A

how carbs will affect blood glucose as a percentage
below GI of 55 allows for gradual increase and decrease
state of food changes GI

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23
Q

what are the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic values for fasting blood glucose?

A

Normal: < 100mg/dL (~5.5mM/L)
Pre-diabetes: 100 - 126mg/dL
Diabetes: > 126mg/dL

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24
Q

what are the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic values for oral glucose tolerance?

A

Normal: <140mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 140-200 mg/dL
Diabetes: > 200mg/dL

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25
Q

what is hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar (below 45mg/dL)
causes weakness, dizziness, hunger, and impairment in exercise
also can cause brain damage if long term due to it being main source of energy for CNS

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of fatty acids?

A

-Saturated Fatty Acids:
1 single covalent bond
Primarily in animal fats (not healthy)
-Unsaturated Fatty Acids:
1 or more double bonds (covalent) in the main carbon chain
(healthy fats)
Essential Fatty Acids:
Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize
Linoleic Acid – Omega 6 polyunsat
Alpha-lineoleic – omega 3 FA
Oleic acid – major omega 9 FA

27
Q

What are phospholipids

A

1 or more fatty acids – phosphorus group, and nitrogenous base

28
Q

what are Glycolipids

A

Fatty acid bound with a carbohydrate

29
Q

what are Lipoproteins

A

Proteins joined with triacylglycerols or phospholipids

30
Q

What is HDL

A

High Density Lipoprotein: (HDL)
Reverses cholesterol transport to the liver
Produced mainly in the liver

31
Q

confidence boost - are you retarded

A

yes u fucking are keep studying dumbass

32
Q

What is LDL

A

Low Density Lipoprotein
Transports the cholesterol to arterial tissue

33
Q

What is VLDL

A

Very low density lipoprotein
Transports TGs to muscle and adipose tissue

34
Q

What are Chylomicrons?

A

Emulified lipid droplets – long chain TAG, phospholipids, FFA
take lipids from SI to the liver

35
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

36
Q

what is the recommended protien intake for an adolecent

A

0.9g/kg body weight

37
Q

what is the recommended protien intake for an adult

A

0.8g/kg body weight

38
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

vitamin B/C
can piss these out and act as coenzymes

39
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A, D, E, K
accumulate in fat and cannot piss them out

40
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

loss of bone density, osteopenia is when they are weakened

41
Q

what is the female athlete triad

A

-Low energy availability – cutting of eating disorders
-Menstrual dysfunction –Amenorrhea: stoppage periods
Olgiomenorrhea: irregular periods
Caused by hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction
-Impaired bone health – osteoporosis or stress fractures

42
Q

(confidence boost) youve made it past L1, good job

A

ur still retarded

43
Q

What does the large intestine do

A

Stores:
Feces, bacteria to ferment food, H2O reapbsorption, bacteria that make VIT K and Biotin

44
Q

What enzymes are involved in the digestion of carbs

A

Salivary amylase: starch → disaccharides
Pancreatic amylase: dextrins (polysaccharide chains) → glucose in branched chains in SI
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase: Brush border → monosaccharide absorption in SI → caps → hepatic port and liver

45
Q

What enzymes are responsible for lipid digestion

A

Lingual lipase
Gastric lipase → digest fats
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) & Secretin → slows gastric motility
Pancreatic lipase → breakdown TAG
Lipoprotein lipase in cap walls → TAG breakdown

46
Q

how are proteins digested

A

Pepsin (in chief cells) → protein breakdown → short polypeptides → inc SA for digestion
Trypsin from the pancreas → makes peptide fragments (1-2-3)
Peptides absorbed with H+ gradient

47
Q

how are vitamins absorbed

A

Passive process in the jejunum and ileum
Vit B12 → intrinsic factor from stomach → aids in absorption
SI absorbs intrinsic factor → endocytosis
Dietary lipids absorb fat soluble ADEK

48
Q

what factors affect mineral absorption

A

Bioavailability
Transit time from the source to the absorption site
pH in Lumen
Receptor sites in mucosa and brush border and the mineral getting there

49
Q

what is the formula for cellular respiration? what is it used for?

A

6 H2O + 6CO2 + Sunshine ←> glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2
recovery of food and chemical energy

50
Q

what is oxidation? what is reduction?

A

Oxidation → Losing a H+
Reduction → Gaining a H+

51
Q

how much ATP is stored in the body

A

100g

52
Q

what is the formula for energy produced from ATP

A

ATP + H2O + ATPAase → ADP + Pi + 7.3 kcal/mol energy

53
Q

What is the PCr formula for energy

A

PCr + ADP → CR + ATP

54
Q

how much ATPdoes NADH produce? how much for FADH2?

A

Net yield of 1.5 ATP per FADH2
Net yield of 2.5 ATP per NADH
1 ATP = 7kcal/mol

55
Q

How much energy does the ETC chain produce?

A

1 molecule of NADH makes 18kcal, and it is 34% efficient

56
Q

what are the 3 conditions of ATP resynthesis

A

Availability of NADH and FADH2 in tissues
Presence of oxidizing agent (O2) must be present in tissues
Sufficient [enzyme] and mitochondria in the tissues that are the rate determining factor of ATP resynthesis

57
Q

how does oxidation of lactate occur? (when O2 is available)

A

2 C2H5O3 (lactate) - 2H+ + (Lactate Dehydrogenase) → 2 C2H3O3 (Pyruvate)

58
Q

how does reduction of lactate occur? (when O2 is not available)

A

2 C3H3O3 (pyruvate) + 2 H+ + (Lactate dehydrogenase)→ 2 C2H5O3 (Lactate)

59
Q

How much energy does glucose generate?

A

1 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal energy
1 molecule ATP = 7.3 kcal therefore 686 kcal glucose energy = 686/7.3 = 93.9 ATP IN A CLOSED RXN
Bc ETC is only 34% efficient → 686*0.34 = 233 kcal/molecule gluc
233/7.3 = YIELDS 32 ATP total

60
Q

describe anerobic glucose breakdown

A

Glycolysis breaks down 2 C3H3O3 (pyruvate)
redux reaction

61
Q

describe aerobic glucose breakdown

A

Pyruvate breaks down → CO2 + H2O
Citric acid cycle breaks down the pyruvate → lactate → CO2 + H2O
Oxidative Reaction bc O2 is an H+ acceptor

62
Q

Describe the Cori cycle/lactate shuttle

A

Lactic acid from the muscle → veins → heart → Lactate + H+
Lactate → liver → converted to pyruvate (LDH) then pyruvate → glucose (gluconeogenesis → takes 6 ATP for this conversion)
Blood [glucose] maintained and muscle and liver glycogen stores are replenished
Glucose released in liver’s venous drainage → heart → arterial blood → skeletal muscle
Costly way of making glucose bc it takes 6 ATP just to convert the pyruvate → glucose

63
Q

what are the steps of the citric acid cycle

A

Stage 1:
Uses 1 acetate (Acetyl-CoA) and 3H2O per cycle
Produces 3CO2 per cycle
4 NAD+ → 4 NADH and 1FAD → FADH ( → ETC)
2 C3H3O3 + 6H2O → 6CO2 + 2OH + 2CoA
Stage 2:
Pyruvate + CoA +NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
Pyruvate is joined with CoA (to make acetyl-CoA) in the process you reduce NAD+ and get 2 H+
1 pyruvate = 3CO2, 8H+ (NADH and H+), 2H+ (FADH2) + 1 GTP

The products (NADH, H+, and FADH2) go into ETC and produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
Net yield: 32 ATP

bpk 312 (3 decks)

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