MT Flashcards
What is DRI
Dietary Reference intakes - planning and assessing diets and specific to life stage, age, gender etc
What is AI
Adequate Intake - recommended value for DRI based on healthy people
What is RDA
recommended dietary allowances - nutrient goals for 97-98% of people
What is EAR
Estimated Average requirements - average daily intake estimated to meet requirement for 50% of healthy people
What is AMDR
Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges - values of nutrients into percentage of daily calories
What is DV
Daily value - nutrient standards comparing caloric values
What are monosaccharides
1 sugar molecule (ex glucose or fructose)
What are disaccharides?
2 sugar molecules (ex sucrose)
what are oligosaccharides
3-9 sugar molecules (legumes)
what are polysaccharides?
10+ sugar molecules like starch/fiber/glycogen
can be from plants or animals
made up of glycosidic bonds
What is glucose?
Blood sugar, stored as glycogen in muscles and liver or converted to fat
used directly by cell and is primary source for CNS
what is sucrose made up of?
glucose+fructose
what is lactose made up of?
glucose+galactose
what is maltose made up of?
2 glucose
what is dietary starch
a complex carb, 50% of diet is plant starch
What is plant fiber?
-resists hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes
-water soluble gums and pectin lower cholestrol
-scrapes cells of gut wall and eliminates undigested foods
-shortens transit time for food residue
what do animal saccharides do
synthesized from glucose during glycogenolysis to provide extra musclular glucose supply
what is amylose
straight chain of glucose that is digestible by the body (salvary amylase and then pancreatic amylase)
How does dietary fiber lower serum cholesterol?
-delays gastric emptying -> flattened glucose curve -> lower insulin secretion -> stimulation of HMG-CoA reductase-> lower serem cholestrol
-interferes with digestive enzymes ->lowers cholesterol absoption->lowers exogenous cholestrol availible
increases use of blood cholesrtrol for bile synthesis in liver
inhibits cholestrol synthesis
how does dietary fibre lower insulin surge
gel formation in stomach causes delayed gastric emptying, leading to uniform levels of CHO in small intestine and flattened glucose curve
what are the 4 ways glycogen is synthesized?
Glucose + Hexokinase (ATP → ADP + Pi) → Gluc - 6P
Glucose - 6P + Phosphoglucomutase → Glucose-1P
Glucose-1P + UTP → UDP-glucose + Pyrophosphate
*(Uridine triphospahte is used as energy instead of ATP)
UDP-Glucose is added in a chain by Glycogen synthase → Glycogen
What is the glycemic index
how carbs will affect blood glucose as a percentage
below GI of 55 allows for gradual increase and decrease
state of food changes GI
what are the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic values for fasting blood glucose?
Normal: < 100mg/dL (~5.5mM/L)
Pre-diabetes: 100 - 126mg/dL
Diabetes: > 126mg/dL
what are the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic values for oral glucose tolerance?
Normal: <140mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 140-200 mg/dL
Diabetes: > 200mg/dL
what is hypoglycemia
low blood sugar (below 45mg/dL)
causes weakness, dizziness, hunger, and impairment in exercise
also can cause brain damage if long term due to it being main source of energy for CNS
What are the 3 types of fatty acids?
-Saturated Fatty Acids:
1 single covalent bond
Primarily in animal fats (not healthy)
-Unsaturated Fatty Acids:
1 or more double bonds (covalent) in the main carbon chain
(healthy fats)
Essential Fatty Acids:
Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize
Linoleic Acid – Omega 6 polyunsat
Alpha-lineoleic – omega 3 FA
Oleic acid – major omega 9 FA
What are phospholipids
1 or more fatty acids – phosphorus group, and nitrogenous base
what are Glycolipids
Fatty acid bound with a carbohydrate
what are Lipoproteins
Proteins joined with triacylglycerols or phospholipids
What is HDL
High Density Lipoprotein: (HDL)
Reverses cholesterol transport to the liver
Produced mainly in the liver
confidence boost - are you retarded
yes u fucking are keep studying dumbass
What is LDL
Low Density Lipoprotein
Transports the cholesterol to arterial tissue
What is VLDL
Very low density lipoprotein
Transports TGs to muscle and adipose tissue
What are Chylomicrons?
Emulified lipid droplets – long chain TAG, phospholipids, FFA
take lipids from SI to the liver
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
what is the recommended protien intake for an adolecent
0.9g/kg body weight
what is the recommended protien intake for an adult
0.8g/kg body weight
what are the water soluble vitamins
vitamin B/C
can piss these out and act as coenzymes
what are the fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A, D, E, K
accumulate in fat and cannot piss them out
what is osteoporosis
loss of bone density, osteopenia is when they are weakened
what is the female athlete triad
-Low energy availability – cutting of eating disorders
-Menstrual dysfunction –Amenorrhea: stoppage periods
Olgiomenorrhea: irregular periods
Caused by hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction
-Impaired bone health – osteoporosis or stress fractures
(confidence boost) youve made it past L1, good job
ur still retarded
What does the large intestine do
Stores:
Feces, bacteria to ferment food, H2O reapbsorption, bacteria that make VIT K and Biotin
What enzymes are involved in the digestion of carbs
Salivary amylase: starch → disaccharides
Pancreatic amylase: dextrins (polysaccharide chains) → glucose in branched chains in SI
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase: Brush border → monosaccharide absorption in SI → caps → hepatic port and liver
What enzymes are responsible for lipid digestion
Lingual lipase
Gastric lipase → digest fats
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) & Secretin → slows gastric motility
Pancreatic lipase → breakdown TAG
Lipoprotein lipase in cap walls → TAG breakdown
how are proteins digested
Pepsin (in chief cells) → protein breakdown → short polypeptides → inc SA for digestion
Trypsin from the pancreas → makes peptide fragments (1-2-3)
Peptides absorbed with H+ gradient
how are vitamins absorbed
Passive process in the jejunum and ileum
Vit B12 → intrinsic factor from stomach → aids in absorption
SI absorbs intrinsic factor → endocytosis
Dietary lipids absorb fat soluble ADEK
what factors affect mineral absorption
Bioavailability
Transit time from the source to the absorption site
pH in Lumen
Receptor sites in mucosa and brush border and the mineral getting there
what is the formula for cellular respiration? what is it used for?
6 H2O + 6CO2 + Sunshine ←> glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2
recovery of food and chemical energy
what is oxidation? what is reduction?
Oxidation → Losing a H+
Reduction → Gaining a H+
how much ATP is stored in the body
100g
what is the formula for energy produced from ATP
ATP + H2O + ATPAase → ADP + Pi + 7.3 kcal/mol energy
What is the PCr formula for energy
PCr + ADP → CR + ATP
how much ATPdoes NADH produce? how much for FADH2?
Net yield of 1.5 ATP per FADH2
Net yield of 2.5 ATP per NADH
1 ATP = 7kcal/mol
How much energy does the ETC chain produce?
1 molecule of NADH makes 18kcal, and it is 34% efficient
what are the 3 conditions of ATP resynthesis
Availability of NADH and FADH2 in tissues
Presence of oxidizing agent (O2) must be present in tissues
Sufficient [enzyme] and mitochondria in the tissues that are the rate determining factor of ATP resynthesis
how does oxidation of lactate occur? (when O2 is available)
2 C2H5O3 (lactate) - 2H+ + (Lactate Dehydrogenase) → 2 C2H3O3 (Pyruvate)
how does reduction of lactate occur? (when O2 is not available)
2 C3H3O3 (pyruvate) + 2 H+ + (Lactate dehydrogenase)→ 2 C2H5O3 (Lactate)
How much energy does glucose generate?
1 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal energy
1 molecule ATP = 7.3 kcal therefore 686 kcal glucose energy = 686/7.3 = 93.9 ATP IN A CLOSED RXN
Bc ETC is only 34% efficient → 686*0.34 = 233 kcal/molecule gluc
233/7.3 = YIELDS 32 ATP total
describe anerobic glucose breakdown
Glycolysis breaks down 2 C3H3O3 (pyruvate)
redux reaction
describe aerobic glucose breakdown
Pyruvate breaks down → CO2 + H2O
Citric acid cycle breaks down the pyruvate → lactate → CO2 + H2O
Oxidative Reaction bc O2 is an H+ acceptor
Describe the Cori cycle/lactate shuttle
Lactic acid from the muscle → veins → heart → Lactate + H+
Lactate → liver → converted to pyruvate (LDH) then pyruvate → glucose (gluconeogenesis → takes 6 ATP for this conversion)
Blood [glucose] maintained and muscle and liver glycogen stores are replenished
Glucose released in liver’s venous drainage → heart → arterial blood → skeletal muscle
Costly way of making glucose bc it takes 6 ATP just to convert the pyruvate → glucose
what are the steps of the citric acid cycle
Stage 1:
Uses 1 acetate (Acetyl-CoA) and 3H2O per cycle
Produces 3CO2 per cycle
4 NAD+ → 4 NADH and 1FAD → FADH ( → ETC)
2 C3H3O3 + 6H2O → 6CO2 + 2OH + 2CoA
Stage 2:
Pyruvate + CoA +NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
Pyruvate is joined with CoA (to make acetyl-CoA) in the process you reduce NAD+ and get 2 H+
1 pyruvate = 3CO2, 8H+ (NADH and H+), 2H+ (FADH2) + 1 GTP
The products (NADH, H+, and FADH2) go into ETC and produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
Net yield: 32 ATP
