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1
Q

WHat is an ergogenic aid

A

a substance used to enhance physical performance, stamina, or recovery

often advertised to athletes/coaches

can include supplements that can lead to positive drug tests

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2
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms ergogenic aids may work

A
  • act as CNS or PNS stimulant (caffine, choline, meth)

-increase storage/availability of substrate (creatine)

-act as fuel (glucose)

-reduce/neutralize performance inhibiting by products (sodium bicarbonate)

-facilitate recovery

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3
Q

What kind of sports or activities are ergogenic aids used for

A

resistance/power events, high intensity or endurance events

both aerobic and anaerobic events

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4
Q

how did ergogenic aids first start

A

used in the coliseum, started with mushrooms/dog testicles (yum), then moved on to meth, caffeine, cocaine, and now dietary supplements/hormones

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5
Q

What do functional foods do

A

promote health by allowing for optimal body function and lowering disease risk

work to assist with:

bioregulation
biodefence
disease prevention
disease risk reduction
suppress normal aging

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6
Q

Wat are transgenic nutraceuticals

A

biotechnology - using genes introduced into host plant/animal

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7
Q

what is gene doping, transfection, and therapy

A

doping - use of genes or modification of gene expression to improve performance

transfection - introducing nucleic acids into cells to modify genetic makeup

therapy - replace/correct broken genes

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8
Q

What is the purpose of WADA

A

world anti doping agency

to promote health, fairness, and equality for athletes

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9
Q

What are some at all times WADA prohibited substances

A

anabolic agents

beta-2 agonists

hormone modulators

growth factors

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10
Q

What are some at all times WADA prohibited methods

A

manipulation of blood

gene doping

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11
Q

What are some in competition WADA prohibited substances

A

stimulants

narcotics

cannabinoids

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12
Q

What is the global drug reference online

A

used to identify of a medicine contains any prohibited substance

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13
Q

Describe the structure/synthesis of Beta-2 Agonists as well as the normal use sources and safe intake rates

A

sympathomimetic amine binding to beta-2 adrenergic receptors

formed endogenously from epinephrine in adrenal medulla and medulla oblongata

sources include medication (salbutamol) for smooth muscle relaxation for lungs (used by asthmatics). safe rate of intake is max 16mg/day

Wada detects more than 1000ng/ml in 24hrs

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14
Q

What are the risks of taking beta-2 agonists and the mechanism of action

A

higher fatigue, palpitations, change in heart dimentions (larger aorta), tachycardia

increases muscle and lowers fat in the body, reduces protein breakdown and doesnt produce androgenic side effects of anabolic steroids

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15
Q

Describe the structure/synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates

A

weak endogenous steroid (resembles test), made in adrenal cortex and gonads, exogenously available through dietary supplement parsterone

not regulated and sold as supplement, with normal dose being 30-50mg/day

performance intake is 20-1600mg/day

monitored by WADA

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16
Q

What are the risks of taking dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the mechanism of action

A

CVD, breast cancer/prostate cancer, lower HDL, lower glucose tolerance

acts as metabolic intermediate in synthesis of androgen sex hormones - also believed to stimulate test production and increase lean tissue/boost sex drive

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17
Q

Describe the structure/synthesis of beta hydroxy beta methylbutyrate (HMB) as well as the normal use sources and safe intake rates

A

monocarboxylic β-hydroxy
acid & base, endogenous synthesis - 0.3g per day from leucine breakdown

found in citrus fruit and catfish, as a supplement 3-6g/day is safe

not on WADA list

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18
Q

What are the risks of taking HMB and the mechanism of action

A

no reported hazards

increases protein synthesis and fatty acid oxidation

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19
Q

Describe the structure/synthesis of phosphate loading as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates

A

phosphate is a salt or ester of phosphoric acid, found in dairy products and fish/poultry

also found in body for acid-base balance, bone formation, ATP, etc

safe rate is 700mg/day

not on WADA

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20
Q

What are the risks of phosphate loading and the mechanism of action

A

excess can cause jaw erosion, can also impair Ca2+ reabsorption, causing bone mass loss

more phosphate results in more potential for ATP to form ; more energy

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21
Q

Describe the structure/synthesis of Corticosterone and glucocorticoids (GC) as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates

A

cholesterol based steroid, produced in adrenal cortex and found in dexamethasone

commonly released during stress, causes the release of cortisol which stimulates protein breakdown - generally those using GC also use anti-catabolic EA to blunt effects of high cortisol

used as a medicine for adrenal insufficiency to increase substrates for working skeletal muscle/inhibit muscle pain

safe rate is 6-12mg/m^2/day, performance rate is 2x2mg/day

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22
Q

What are the risks of GC and the mechanism of action

A

hyperglycemia (& insulin resistance), decreased calcium absorption, higher appetite, lower memory/attention, psychosis/euphoria due to CNS effect, growth failure, immunosuppression
- muscle wasting, inc gluconeogenesis in the liver

steroid hormones that increase substrates for working skeletal muscle
- causes breakdown: protein, lipolysis & glycolysis
- this cases inc fue availability and substrate for fuel

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23
Q

Describe the structure/synthesis of Glutamine as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates

A

alpha amino acid with glutamic acid side chain

abundant in plasma and muscle, also sold as supplement, found in meat, dairy, beans, and cabbage

safe rate is 14g/day, and 0.9g/kg/day for performance

not on WADA list

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24
Q

What are the risks of glutamine and the mechanism of action

A

40g/day has side effects (none mentioned in lecture)

augments protein synthesis and slows muscle wasting (such as with high cortisol due to GC use) - anti-catabolic

modulates glucose homeostasis

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25
Describe the structure/synthesis of Phosphatidylerserine (PS) as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
glycerophospholipid, found in dairy, nuts, meats, used as an anticatabolic by the body safe upper limit is 4g/day, performance is 750-800mg/day not on WADA
26
What are the risks of PS and the mechanism of action
no risks (may affect cognition) lowers cortisol concentration - anti catabolic
27
Describe the structure/synthesis of Human growth hormone as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
somatotropin hormone produced in anterior pituitary, also synthetically produced using recombinant DNA Tech stimulates IGF-1 to increase lean body mass and decrease fat tissue safe rate is 3-6 nanograms/day, performance rate is 10-25 nanograms per day on WADA list, always prohibited, peak detection @1-3 hours through IV, undetectable in 24hrs
28
What are the risks of human growth hormone and the mechanism of action
edemas, carpal tunnel, joint pain, gigantism stimulates AA uptake and protein synthesis while stimulating hormone sensitive lipase for lipolysis and fat mobilization - conserves glycogen
29
Describe the structure/synthesis of buffering solutions as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate contribute to the henderson-hasselbalch equilibrium (balance of acids/bases) found in baking soda, combines with acids for ph control safe rate is 300mg of NaHCO3/kg, performance intake is 0.3g/kg 1-2hrs before exercise
30
What are the risks of buffering solutions and the mechanism of action
abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea lower pH inhibits energy transfer, so by maintaining high HCO3, rapid H+ release from muscles is promoted to delay acidosis - increasing duration, no effect on resistance exercise
31
Describe the structure/synthesis of epoetin hormonal blood boosting as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
amino acid and glycoprotein cytokine, produced in kidney through erythropoiesis stimulates erythrocyte production, generally used to treat anemia with renal failure or radiation therapies safe rate is 10mU/mL, performance is 24000 U EPO per month (50U/kg 3x per week) on WADA list, microdosing can avoid detection as it lasts for 3 days with performance dosage in urine
32
What are the risks of EPO and the mechanism of action
thickens blood - thrombosis, heart attack/stroke, edemas erythrocytes are extracted and reinfused, increases O2 delivery to skeletal muscles to increase endurance capacity
33
What is blood doping
follows same principles as EPO, injection of blood for more erythrocytes and higher O2 delivery to muscles
34
Describe the structure/synthesis of Chromium as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
element that is trace in diet, 95% blood bound to transferrin found in broccoli, apples, nuts, cheese, wine, also can be supplemented triggers enzymes for protein synthesis and fatty acid metabolism Safe rate is 25-30 ug/day, performance rate is 200-600ug/day not on WADA
35
What are the risks of Chromium and the mechanism of action
inhibits zinc and iron absorption, eventual chromosomal damage, kidney damage fosters fat loss and lengthens life by preventing Cr deficiencies from urine after exercise
36
Describe the structure/synthesis of Coenzyme Q10 as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
ubiqunione = oxidized form, ubiquinol = reduced form lipid soluble, found in meats/nuts, component of electron transport chain and is an antioxidant safe rate 1200mg/day, performance rate at 60-200mg/day not monitored by WADA
37
What are the risks of Coenzyme Q10 and the mechanism of action
increase lipid peroxidation, increase free radicals, causing eventual cell damage increases aerobic ATP synthesis to increase stamina/CV function
38
Describe the structure/synthesis of RIbose as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
monosaccharide, synthesized in pentose phosphate pathway small amounts in ripe fruits/veggies, normal use as energy substrate for ATP safe rate = 10-20g per day performance rate = 4g x4 doses per day
39
What are the risks of Ribose and the mechanism of action
diarrhea, GI discomfort, nausea increases ATP resynthesis to increase short term energy
40
Describe the structure/synthesis of Inosine as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
nucleic acid derivative found in tRNA for protein synthesis found in brewers yeast and organ meats to form purines (like adenine) as a part of ATP no safe value set, performance =6000mg/day for 2 days not on WADA list
41
What are the risks of Inosine and the mechanism of action
increases uric acid crystals which are associated with gout -> recurrent arthritis/connective tissue damage increases ATP stores and stimulates insulin release to increase glucose rate of delivery to heart for faster O2 cycling
42
Describe the structure/synthesis of Choline as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
water soluble amine from ammonium, needed in diet, found in egg yolks, soybeans, oatmeal, or liver from beef, pork, or lamb used for fat transport using VLDL, changing concentration of fat in liver no safe rate set but upper limit is 3.5g/day, performance rate is above 7.5g per day not monitored by WADA
43
What are the risks of Choline and the mechanism of action
lowers BP, diarrhea, fishy body odor metabolic optimization by burning of fats for energy (due to mobilization), maintains synthesis
44
Describe the structure/synthesis of -hydroxycitrate (HCA) as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
derivative of citric acid found in tropical plants such as the rind of Gambooge normal function is as an inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase to reduce fatty acid synthesis no safe rate set, performance rate @ 3x500mg/day not on WADA list
45
What are the risks of HCA and the mechanism of action
no listed human risk natural fat burner/increases endurance due to fat oxidation increase. also limits CHO breakdown and conserves glycogen due to inhibition of citrate catabolism
46
Describe the structure/synthesis of pyruvate as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
2x3-carbon end products of glucose breakdown found in fruits n veggies, beer, and wine. normally used as an energy substrate for gluconeogenesis, transamination, and fatty acid breakdown safe rate is 5-44g/day, performance rate is 2-4 pills/day @600mg/pill not on WADA list
47
What are the risks of pyruvate and the mechanism of action
upset stomach, bloating, diarrhea, lowers HDL/raises LDL increase endurance while promoting fatloss due to more glucose extracted from blood for sustained energy and conservation of muscle glycogen
48
Describe the structure/synthesis of glycerol as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
3C component of triglercerol, mainly formed in liver as a gluconeogenesis substrate food additive (solvent/sweetner), used to lower edemas in brain/eye safe rate is 1.2g/kg with 1-2L H20 Performance rate is the same not on WADA list
49
What are the risks of Glycerol and the mechanism of action
nausea, bloating, lightheadedness reduces heat strain due to hyperhydration -> causes ECF fluid retention and proximal tubule reabsorption
50
Describe the structure/synthesis of medium chain triacylglycerols as well as the normal use sources and safe intake/performance intake rates
8-12 carbon fatty acids, found in lipids and coconuts safe intake is 30% of total energy intake (30g of MCT specific) not on WADA list
51
What are the risks of MCT and the mechanism of action
saturated fat intake, GI Distress rapid source of fuel quickly elevating plasma and starting ketosis, assisting in the breakdown of fats, spares glycogen during aerobic exercise
52
Describe the structure/synthesis of Carb loading as well as the normal use sources and safe intake intake rates
Multibranched polysaccharide of glucose, exogenous synthesis through photosynthesis in plants found in grains mainly, provides 42% of energy needs for resting humans safe intake rate is 60-70% of total calories for athletes, 45-65% for normies not on WADA list
53
What are the performance loading methods for carb loading?
Classic loading: - lower muscle glycogen stores to increase intermediate forms of glycogen storing enzyme in muscle fibers (days 1-4), days 5-7 switch to a high carb diet with 400-700g/day until comp modified class loading: -high PA @75% VO2 for 90 min on day 1, taper on days 2-6. Low carb intake on day 1, increase carb intake to 70% of total calories for days 2-5. rest on day 6 and compete on day 7, gain x2 muscle glycogen on competition Rapid 1 day loading -150s at 130% VO2 then 30s all out cycling. 10.3g/kg of high GI foods for 24hrs, causes 82% rise in carbs in all fiber types of muscle, leads to better results than classic without disruption in normal training
54
What are the risks of Carb loading and the mechanism of action
causes "heavy" feeling to to additional water content, possibly negating benefits more glycogen storage due to glycogen storing enzymes means that the athlete has more energy for intense aerobic activity that is longer than 60min
55
What is molarity?
fraction of molecular weight relative to molecular weight per litre of solvent ex/ 1 mol of glucose is 180g adding 1 g of glucose to 1L of water 1g/L divided by 180g/mol= 0.0056M
56
What is equivalence
express concentration of charged solutes that dissociate to less than 1 particle when put into solvent magnitude depends on valance/charge of ions
57
WHat is osmosis
movement of water across cell membrane from high concentration to low
58
what is osmotic pressure
determined soley by number of dissolved particles, the number of solute particles per liter of solvent is additive ex/ solution with 1mmol/L of solute gives osmotic pressure of 1 milliosmole/L
59
What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality
osmolarity is number of solute particles per L of water - temperature dependant (water expands when heated) osmolality is number of solute particles per kg of water - temperature independant
60
how do you calculate body water, ECF, IVF (interstital fluid), plasma volume (PV) and ICF for an individual
total body water (TBW)= 0.6 x body mass ECF= 0.33 x TBW IVF= 0.75 x ECF PV=0.25 x ECF ICF= 0.66 x TBW
61
what is gastric emptying rate
measure of speed of delievery of gastric contents into small intestine higher core temp slows gastric and intestinal motalites, and dehydration lowers blood flow basically, exercise lowers GI function
62
How is water inputted into the body
foods - fruits/veggies are made up of 90% water, while meats, fats, and grains are usually less than 20% drinking water - needs to increase during exercise to prevent dehydration metabolic water (14% of a persons water need from cellular respiration)
63
How is water outputted from the body
urine - kidneys reabsorb 99% of filtrate, getting rid of 1g of solute requries 15ml of water feces - 75% of poop is water skin - perspiration (sweat) - rises with exercise expired air - respiratory heat loss - rises with exercise
64
What are the heat dissipation mechanisms
circulation - vessels dilate to increase heat loss from skin, higher HR and cardiac output evaporation - increased sweating in proportion to intensity of work/core temp Hormones like ADH - increases water reuptake,aldosterone - increases Na reabsorption
65
What is dehydration
imbalance in fluid dynamics when fluid intake does not replenish fluid/water loss impairs work capacity and physiological function less sweating, less blood flow, higher HR can also be dehydrated in cold weather, as cold air has low H20 content, promoting ventilation and sweat water loss
66
How should rehydration occur
scheduling fluid replacement to maintain plasma volume hyperhydration before exercising in a hot environment protects against heat stress by delaying dehydration, increasing sweating, and lowering core temp - consume more fluids for 24hrs before event, and then 20 min befire consume 400-600ml more water loss of 1lb of body weight needs 450ml of fluid to be replaced
67
how do you assess for adequacy of rehydration
body weight - gives indication of extent of water loss from exercise urine colour/hydration - dark yellow - inadequate hydration. light colour, adequate hydration urine specific gravity - ratio of density of urine to water normal USG is between 1.01 and 1.03, dehydrated is above 1.035
68
how does sodium affect rehydration rates
helps sustain thirst, promotes fluid retention, and rapidly helps to restore lost plasma volume
69
How does GER change with fluid intake
GER rises with food/fluid volume, however higher calorie content, meal osmolality, acidity of foods can decrease GER. Dehydration also decreases GER
70
how do carbs and electrolytes affect rehydration
minimize effects of dehydration on performance and maintain thirst mechanism, while minimizing risk of hyponatremia maintains glucose metabolism and preserves glycogen ideal solution contains 5-8% carbs
71
What is hyponatremia
when sodium concentration in the blood is below 135 mEq/L, occurs during excessive water intake after Na loss in sweat, which causes swelling of the brain tissue due to osmotic imbalance - can lead to death predisposing factors include weight gain during event, consuming more than 3 L of water during event, low BMI
72
How to avoid hyponatremia
pre exercise drink 2-3 hours before (400-500ml of fluid) drink 100-300ml of fluid 30min before exercise drink no more than 1 L per hour of water during exercise add .5 teaspoon of salt per L of water dont restrict dietary salt before the race
73

bpk 312 (3 decks)

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