Projections: Forearm, Elbow, Humerus Flashcards
FOREARM AP PROJECTION
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the midpoint of the forearm.
FOREARM AP PROJECTION
Collimation:
2 inches distal to the wrist joint and proximal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
FOREARM AP PROJECTION
Structures Shown:
The elbow joint, the radius and ulna, and the proximal row of slightly distorted carpal bones.
FOREARM AP PROJECTION
Position of patient/part:
Seat close to the radiographic table and low enough to place the entire extremity in the same plane.
Supinate the hand, extend the elbow, and place the dorsal surface of the forearm against the IR.
Adjust the IR so that the long axis is parallel with the forearm.
Have the patient lean laterally until forearm is in a true supinated position
FOREARM LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Position of patient/part:
Seat the patient close to the radiographic table and low enough that the humerus, shoulder joint, and elbow lie in the same plane.
Flex the elbow 90° and place the medial aspect of the forearm against the IR.
Adjust the IR so that the long axis is parallel with the forearm.
Adjust the extremity in a true lateral position, ensuring the humoral epicondyles, and Styloid processes are superimposed and perpendicular to the IR.
Thumb side up
FOREARM LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the midpoint of the forearm.
FOREARM LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Collimation:
2 inches distal to the wrist joint and proximal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
FOREARM LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Structures Shown:
The elbow joint, the radius and ulna, and the proximal row of superimposed carpal bones.
ELBOW AP PROJECTION
Position of patient/part:
Seat the patient close enough to the radiographic table and low enough that the humerus, shoulder joint, and elbow lie in the same plane.
Extend the elbow, supinate the hand, and center the IR to the elbow joint.
Adjust the IR to make it parallel with the long axis of the part.
Have the patient lean laterally until the humeral epicondyles and anterior surface of the elbow are parallel with the plane of the IR.
Supinate the hand to prevent rotation of the bones of the forearm.
ELBOW AP PROJECTION
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the elbow joint.
ELBOW AP PROJECTION
Collimation:
3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
ELBOW AP PROJECTION
Structures Shown:
An AP projection of the elbow joint, distal arm, and proximal forearm.
ELBOW LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Position of patient/part:
Seat the patient at the end of the radiographic table, low enough to place the humerus and the elbow joint in the same plane.
Center the IR to the elbow joint. Adjust the elbow joint so that its long axis is parallel with the long axis of the forearm.
On patients with muscular forearms, elevate the wrist to place the forearm parallel with the IR.
To obtain a lateral projection of the elbow, adjust the hand and wrist in the lateral position and ensure that the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular to the plane of the IR.
ELBOW LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the elbow joint, regardless of its location on the IR.
ELBOW LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Collimation:
3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint
ELBOW LATERAL PROJECTION-Lateromedial
Structures Shown:
The lateral projection shows the elbow joint, distal arm and proximal forearm.
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Medial Rotation
position of patient/part:
See the patient at the end of the radiographic table, with arm extended, and in contact with the table.
Extend the extremity in anatomic position, ensuring the extremity is in the same plane and parallel with the IR plane.
Center the midpoint of the IR to the elbow joint.
Medially (internally) rotate the upper extremity to place humeral epicondyles 45° from true anatomic position. This degree of obliquity usually clears the coronoid process of the radial head. The hand may be pronated or at a 45° angle.
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Medial Rotation
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the elbow joint
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Medial Rotation
Collimation:
3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Medial Rotation
Structures Shown:
An oblique projection of the elbow with the coronoid process projected free of superimposition.
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Lateral Rotation
Position of patient/part:
Seat the patient at the end of the radiographic table, with the arm extended and in contact with the table.
Extend the patient’s arm in position for an AP projection, and center the midpoint of the IR to the elbow joint.
Rotate the hand laterally (externally) to place the posterior surface of the elbow at a 45° angle. When proper lateral rotation is achieved, the patients first and second digits should touch the table.
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Lateral Rotation
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the elbow joint
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Lateral Rotation
Collimation:
3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
ELBOW AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION - Lateral Rotation
Structures Shown:
An oblique projection of the elbow with the radial head and neck projected free of superimposition of the ulna.
ELBOW-DISTAL HUMERUS
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Position of patient/part:
Seat the patient low enough to place the entire humerus in the same plane. Support the elevated forearm.
If possible, supinate the hand. Placed the IR under the elbow, centered to the condyloid area of the humerus.
ELBOW-DISTAL HUMERUS
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the humerus, traversing the elbow joint.
Depending on the degree of flexion, angle the CR distally into the joint.
ELBOW-DISTAL HUMERUS
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Collimation:
3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
ELBOW-DISTAL HUMERUS
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Structures Shown:
The distal humerus when the elbow cannot be fully extended.
ELBOW-PROXIMAL FOREARM
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Position of patient/part:
Seat the patient at the end of the radiographic table, with the hand supinated.
Seat the patient high enough to permit the dorsal surface of the forearm to rest on the table.
ELBOW-PROXIMAL FOREARM
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Central Ray:
Perpendicular to the elbow joint and long axis of the forearm.
Adjust the IR so that the CR passes to its midpoint.
ELBOW-PROXIMAL FOREARM
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Collimation:
3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint
1 inch on the sides
ELBOW-PROXIMAL FOREARM
AP PROJECTION (Partial Flexion)
Structures Shown:
The proximal forearm when the elbow cannot be fully extended.
