Project Quality Management Flashcards
Project Quality Management
includes the processes and activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
Benchmarking
the comparison of actual or planned practices, such as processes and operations, to those of comparable organizations to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance.
Quality Assurance (QA)
The process of auditing the quality requirements and the results from quality control measurements to ensure that appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used.
Quality Control (QC)
The process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes.
Control Charts
A graphic display of process data over time and against established control limits, which has a centerline that assists in detecting a trend of plotted values toward either control limit.
Control Limits
The area composed of three standard deviations on either side of the centerline or mean of a normal distribution of data plotted on a control chart, which reflects the expected variation in the data.
Specification Limits
The area, on either side of the center line, or mean, of data plotted on a control chart that meets the customer’s requirements for a product or service. This area may be greater than or less than the area defined by the control limits.
Statistical Sampling
Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
Design of Experiments
A statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific variables of a product or process under development or in production.
Trend Analysis
An analytical technique that uses mathematical models to forecast future outcomes based on historical results. It is a method of determining the variance from a baseline of a budget, cost, schedule, or scope parameter by using prior progress reporting periods’ data and projecting how much that parameter’s variance from baseline might be at some future point in the project if no changes are made in executing the project.
Precision
a measure of exactness
Accuracy
a measure of correctness.
Quality
the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
Grade
A category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use (e.g. hemmer) but do not share the same requirements for quality (e.g. different hammers may need to withstand different amounts of force).
Customer satisfaction
Within the quality management system, a state of fulfillment in which the needs of a customer are met or exceeded for the customer’s expected experiences as assessed by the customer at the moment of evaluation.
Prevention over inspection
the cost of preventing mistakes is generally much less that the cost of correcting mistakes when they are found by inspection or during usage.
Cost of Quality
A method of determining the costs incurred to ensure quality. Prevention and appraisal costs (cost of conformance) include costs for quality planning, quality control (QC), and quality assurance (QA) to ensure compliance to requirements (i.e., training, QC systems, etc.). Failure costs (cost of nonconformance) include costs to rework products, components, or processes that are non compliant, costs of warranty work and waste, and loss of reputation.
Continuous Improvement
referred to as “kaizen” in Japan, CI is an ongoing effort to improve products, services, or processes. These efforts can seek incremental improvement over time or breakthrough improvement all at once. This concept is described by Shewhart and Deming as Plan-Do-Check-Act.
Plan Quality Management Process
The process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements.
The key benefit of the Plan Quality Management process is that it provides guidance and direction on how quality will be managed throughout the project.
Plan Quality Management Process inputs, tools & techniques, and outputs
Inputs:
* Project management plan
* Stakeholder register
* Risk register
* Requirements documentation
* Enterprise environmental factors
* Organization process assets
Tools and Techniques:
* Cost benefit analysis
* COQ
* Seven basic quality tools
* Benchmarking
* Design of experiments
* Statistical sampling
* Additional quality planning tools
* Meetings
Outputs:
* Quality management plan
* Process improvement plan
* Quality metrics
* Quality checklists
* Project documents updates
Prevention
refers to designing quality in, allowing for project team-member, end- user, or customer training and the mapping out of a quality strategy before you begin work in order to keep you on course.
Design reviews, training, and quality planning or associated with the costs associated with prevention activities.
Appraisal
refers to preproduction and production inspections, tests, or sampling that is done to assure that the final product will be within the product specification levels.
Inspections, lab tests, and in-process testing our costs associated with appraisal activities.
Internal failures
are those that occur before leaving the organization and include scrap, rework, repair, and defect valuation. This causes costs to rise and employees to get disgruntled about having their efforts wasted. The goal is to design quality in so there is little to catch at the inspection phase.
External failures
are those discovered by the customer include returns, complaints, corrective action, and field maintenance period there is no way to know the true cost of external failures. Unhappy customers may complain to their friends and acquaintances about the failure, and you will never know what the loss of that business might be. If loss of life occurs because of an unsafe product, the cost is immeasurable.
