Progressive Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Social Gospel
A
- promoted a brand of progressivism base on Christian teachings
– used religious doctrine to demand better housing + living conditions for the urban poor - closely linked to the settlement house movement → brought middle class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact w/ immigrants + working people
2
Q
Muckrakers
A
- reporters who exposed toxicities in America
- editors would finance extensive research encourage pugnacious writing by muckrakers
- their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts
3
Q
16th Amendment
A
- gave Congress the power of income taxes
4
Q
Initiative
A
- progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot
- brought democracy directly to “the people”
- helped foster a shift toward interest-group politics and away from old political machines
5
Q
Referendum
A
- placed laws on the ballot for final approval by the people
- agitated by progressives
- type of laws: had been railroaded through + compliant legislature by free-spending agents of big business
6
Q
Recall
A
- enabled voters to remove elected officials (those who had been bribed by bosses or lobyists)
7
Q
Australian Ballot
A
- system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices
- introduced in US to help counteract boss rule
8
Q
Direct Primary
A
- an interparty election in which voters selected the candidates who will be on a party’s ticket in the subsequent general election
- previously: candidates were selected by caucuses that were considered elitist + undemocratic
9
Q
17th Amendment
A
- gave the people power to elect senators
- previously: senators were appointed by the legislatures of their states
10
Q
Municipal Reform
A
- changes in city governments that were made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responses
- middle-class businessmen organized against the corruption + inefficiency they thought plagued their cities → strong in political machine cities
11
Q
Wisconsin Idea
A
- created by the state’s progressives to eliminate monopolies, trusts, high costs of living, predatory wealth
- developed by Robert La Follette → Gov/Sen. from Wisconsin / leader of Populist movement
- included direct primary, tax reform, + regulation of railroads
12
Q
National Child Labor Committee
A
- committee that convinced 28 states to have laws regulating child labor
- founded by angry progressives outraged by the treatment of children by industry
- proposed model state child labor laws that were passed in 1907
- school attendance laws kept children out of mines/factories
- many states didn’t pass because family still needed income / familes lied about ages of kids to keep them at work
13
Q
National Consumer’s League (1899)
A
- lead by Florence Kelley
- promoted the passage of state laws to protect women from long working hours
14
Q
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A
- fire in 1911 in lower Manhattan
- 146 workers (young women) killed because they were locked in their rooms
- sparked greater women’s activism + motivated states to pass laws improving safety + working conditions in factories.
15
Q
Muller Vs. Oregon
A
- Louis D. Brandeis persuaded Supreme Court to accept hte constitutionality of laws protecting women workers → presented evidence of harmful factory effects of labor on women’s bodies
- progressives hailed Brandei’s achievement as a triumph over existing legal doctrine
16
Q
Lochner Vs. New York (1905)
A
- Supreme Court invalidated a NY law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers
17
Q
Elkins Act (1903)
A
- US federal law that amended the Insterstate Commerce Act of 1887
- authorized Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates _ upon shippers who accepted the rebates
18
Q
Square Deal
A
- prompted by an economic crisis → TR insisted on a square deal rather than favoring business or labor
- called labor union leaders and coal mine owners to White House
- voters approved of Square Deal
19
Q
Bad Vs. Good Trust
A
- good trusts: a trust controlled an entire industry + provided a good service @ reasonable rates → good trusts were left alone
- bad trusts: jacked up rates + exploited consumers → went under attack
20
Q
Northern Securities Company
A
- railroad monopoly formed by J. P. Morgan + James J. Hill which went against Sherman Antitrust Act
- attacked legally by TR; trust busted + paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts
21
Q
Hepburn Act (1906)
A
- US federal law → gave Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroads rates + extend jurisdiction
- led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers
22
Q
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
A
- induced by TR, who was sickened w/ all Americans at the quality of American slaughter-houses
- decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can
- it was accepted as an opportunity to drive large packers to drive their smaller competitors out of business [ people could still receive gov. approval of their exports]
23
Q
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
A
- designed to prevent the adulteration + mislabeling of foods + pharm accuiticals
- gave government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficiency of drugs in order to abolish the patent drug trade.
- now the FDA
24
Q
Conservation
A
- movement to begin preserving natural resources + stop rapid destruction of land/resources
- began w/ Desert Land Act of 1877 → sold and land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years
- continued w/ successful Forest Reserve Act of 1891 → authorized president to set aside public forests as national parks; 46 million acres of magnificent trees were rescued from the lumberman’s saw in the 1890s + preserved for posterity
- included Carey Act of 1894 → distributed federal land to the states on the condition that be irrigated and settled
