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ANTH 111 > Progress and Development > Flashcards

Progress and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Social Organization

A

Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States

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2
Q

Bands

A

Egalitarian units of social organization, found mostly among foragers. Usually consists of fewer than 100 people (Robbins et al., 2017)

all social relationships based on kinship

least complex form of political organization

decisions made through consensus

no fixed leadership, only informal recognition of prowess

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3
Q

Tribes

A

tribal system consists of separate bands or villages
integrated through lineages, clans, age grades, or other associations cross-cutting kinship and territory

associated with farming or herding subsistence strategies
greater population density

No centralized leadership

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4
Q

Chiefdom

A

A regional polity in which one or more local groups are organized under a single ruling individual – the chief – who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

determined by closeness to chief

Office of chief often hereditary

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5
Q

States

A

The most formal of political organizations and is one of the hallmarks of civilization

political power is centralized in a government which may LEGITIMATELY use force to regulate the affairs of its citizens

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6
Q

States Associated with

A

increased food production (agriculture and industry), increased population, market system

appearance of cities developed urban sector

appearance of bureaucracy

military

usually an official religion
authority is formal and impersonal

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7
Q

Un-Centralized Society

A

Band / Tribe

Power in hands of many

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8
Q

Centralized Society

A

Chiefdoms / State

Power in the hands of few

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9
Q

Nomadic

A

A mode of livelihood characterized by moving from place to place, often following animals and/or weather patterns

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10
Q

Sedentary

A

A mode of livelihood characterized by permanent or semi-permanent settlements

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11
Q

What is Progress?

A

The idea that human history is the story of a steady advance from a life dependent on the whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces (Robbins et al., 2017)

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12
Q

Unilineal evolution

A

Theory of social evolution which posited that all societies go through a series of standardized stages of change (Robbins et al., 2017)

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13
Q

Evolutionary Anthropology

A

Natural Selection

Anthropologists mistakenly applied Darwin’s ideas to social change instead of biological change

Positioned Western societies at the end of the line of “progress”

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14
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

7 stages of social development

Lower savagery, middle savagery, upper savagery, lower barbarism, middle barbarism, upper barbarism, civilization

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15
Q

Leslie White

A

Technological development = cultural progress

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16
Q

Hunter-Gatherer Societies

A

More leisure time

Women gathered the majority of the food (~80%)

Lots of food for minimal work

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17
Q

Population density

A

the number of people in a given area (Robbins et al., 2017)

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18
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the number of people a given area of land can provide for

19
Q

Attributes of more socially complex hunter-gatherer societies:

A

high population densities in circumscribed territories

intensification and diversification of food resources

food storage and preservation

permanent or at least semi-permanent settlements often with associated cemeteries

highly developed tools and methods
division of labor not only

by sex and age, but also by occupation

some form of social ranking

Exchange

more elaborate ritual beliefs

20
Q

Intensification

A

manipulating food abundance to increase carrying capacity
e.g., Swidden agriculture
Intentional reseeding
Irrigation

21
Q

Domestication

A

genetic modification of plants and animals so that they are permanently altered relative to wild counterparts.

22
Q

Taming

A

taking a wild plant or animal and raising it in a domestic situation

23
Q

Progress as a concept

A

Transformation from foraging to complex agriculture do not automatically represent progress

Technological advances

1 calorie of human energy needed to produce 210 calories of food in Canada and US

1 calorie of human energy for every 10 calories gathered by foragers

However….1 calorie of non human energy (fossil fuels) to produce 8 calories of food in Canada and the US

24
Q

Wealth Inequality

A

Is progress the reason for increased wealth in “developed” countries?

25
Q

Colonialism

A

Marked by genocide of Indigenous peoples around the world
Forcing

European/Western systems of government, economics, and religion on colonized groups

Exploitative relationship between colonizer and colonized

One of the main roots of contemporary global wealth inequality

26
Q

World Economics

A

China was richest country in the world during 16-17th centuries

Colonialism of South America funneled money to China

Africa and Southeast Asia had major trade routes

England was mostly rural and agricultural

27
Q

Putting out system

A

a means of production where manufacturers or merchants supply materials and tools to workers who produce the goods in their own homes (Robbins et al., 2017)

28
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of European history marked by a shift in production from agriculture to industrial goods, urbanization, and the factory system (Robbins et al., 2017)

29
Q

Factory system

A

system of production characterized by the concentration of labor and machines in specific places

Important part of the Industrial Revolution

30
Q

Exploitative Growth

A

Forcing colonies to import merchandise from the colonizers

Military action against countries that resist

Slavery

Trail of Tears

31
Q

Economic Development

A

Push for “developing” countries to advance technology and Westernize

Foreign assistance for “developing” countries
World Bank
International Monetary Fund

Develop = Westernize

32
Q

Modern Medicine

A

Replacing traditional medical techniques with the biomedical model

Life expectancy doubled over the 20th century – from 30 – 63 years

Antibiotics, modern diagnostic methods and equipment (CT scans, MRIs, X-ray, ultrasound, etc)

33
Q

Biomedical model

A

views the body as a machine that must be repaired, independent of social context (Robbins et al., 2017)

34
Q

Negative Consequences of Biomedical Model

A

Increased waste and toxic contaminants

Increased risks for people of lower socioeconomic status

Lack of universal access to medicine

35
Q

Interpersonal Theory of Disease

A

a view of disease in which it is assumed that illness is caused by tensions or conflicts in social relations (Robbins et al., 2017)

36
Q

What is Progress?

A

The idea that human history is the story of a steady advance from a life dependent on the whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces

37
Q

Colonialism

A

Marked by genocide of Indigenous peoples around the world

Forcing
European/Western systems of government, economics, and religion on colonized groups

Exploitative relationship between colonizer and colonized

One of the main roots of contemporary global wealth inequality

38
Q

World Economics

A

China was richest country in the world during 16-17th centuries

Colonialism of South America funneled money to China

Africa and Southeast Asia had major trade routes

England was mostly rural and agricultural

39
Q

Putting out system

A

a means of production where manufacturers or merchants supply materials and tools to workers who produce the goods in their own homes

40
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of European history marked by a shift in production from agriculture to industrial goods, urbanization, and the factory system (Robbins et al., 2017)

Standardization of production

Mass-produced goods

Accumulation of wealth becomes a measure of success and morality

Transformed England into the wealthiest country in the world

41
Q

Factory system

A

system of production characterized by the concentration of labor and machines in specific places

important part of the industrial revolution

42
Q

Exploitative Growth

A

Forcing colonies to import merchandise from the colonizers

Military action against countries that resist

Slavery

Trail of Tears

43
Q

Economic Development

A

Push for “developing” countries to advance technology and Westernize

Foreign assistance for “developing” countries

World Bank

International Monetary Fund

Develop = Westernize

ANTH 111 (16 decks)

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