Globalization, Neoliberalism, and the Nation-State Flashcards
Globalization
The intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away, and vice versa (Robbins et al., 2017)
Globalism
the idea that events in one country cannot be separated from those in another and that economic and foreign policy should be planned in an international way
Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups
Nationalism vs Globalism
Generally opposed to each other
Nationalism
- Loyalty to fellow citizens over other people
-Focus on keeping jobs from being outsourced
-Concerned with safety and prosperity of own citizens
Globalism
- Attempting to support well-being of entire global population
- Not concerned with multinational production of goods and services
- Often supporting open or soft borders
Economic Systems
The rules, mechanisms, institutions, and systems of relations through which goods and services are distributed and people get what they want
Solidified the rise of capitalism
Industrial revolution was linked to the spread of colonialism
Industrial Revolution
A period of European history marked by a shift in production from agriculture to industrial goods, urbanization, and the factory system (Robbins et al., 2017)
Standardization of production
Mass-produced goods
Accumulation of wealth becomes a measure of success and morality
Capitalism
an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth
Free trade
removal o barriers to the free flow of goods and capital between nations by eliminating import and export taxes…may also mean reducing environmental or social laws
Neoliberalism
Economic philosophy that argues for minimal government involvement in the economy (Robbins et al., 2017)
Deregulation of economic systems
Contemporary capitalism under globalization
Neo = new Liberal = freedom Liberal vs conservative Neoliberalism is an economic ideology Neoliberalism is usually tied to conservative political ideology
Laissez-faire
a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights
Adam Smith
market as an ideal system where “wealth is perpetually created for the benefit of all”
Consequences of Deregulation
Poor working conditions
Environmental degradation
Economic fluctuations
Wealth inequality
Keynesian Economics
Regulations on tax, interest rates, labor unions, environmental impact, etc
Heavy state involvement in economy
Led to rapid economic growth in North America in the 1960s
Rise of Neoliberalism
Became popular in North America as a response to slowed growth of 1970s
Ideology influenced by fear of totalitarian societies in the aftermath of WWII
Believed well-being of economy and people is tied to complete freedom of individual entrepreneurs
Results of Neoliberalism
Reduction of federal funding for education, welfare, health, etc
Dissolution of unions
Privatization
Capital flow from poorer to wealthier countries
Externalization of costs
Theoretically supposed to allow business to make more money so they can create more jobs
In reality, the extra money goes into the pockets of the rich and continues to exploit workers
In a global economy, only core countries amass wealth while peripheral countries are exploited
Nation
A collection of people who share a common language, worldview, and ancestry
Nation-state
A political community that has clearly defined territorial boarders and centralized authority (Robbins et al., 2017)
States are tools of colonialism around the world
Nation-states control the global economy by trade laws, taxes, etc
National economy vs global economy
Nation-state and Economy
Global production of goods
Regulation of cost of labor
Within nation-state and outside as well
Tax subsidies for companies that produce “important” goods
Globalization and Identity
Nation-states need to create nations out of their inhabitants
Ideological shaping
Belief in shared language, culture, heritage, values, etc.
Creating Others to support group identity
Creating Citizens
Born into citizenship
Inherited from parents
Sense of in-group belonging from birth
Creating Citizens Immigration
Strict laws governing who can come in and who can stay
Only some immigrants can reach citizenship
Globalization and Racism
Imagined communities of people who “look like” and “act like” they belong to the in-group of citizens
People who don’t look or act “right” are not seen as true members of the imagined community
Increased immigration leads to philosophy of multiculturalism
New racism
defining legitimate citizenship based on shared cultural norms, thus excluding difference
Multiculturalism
“hyphenated cultures…are describes and celebrated as part of a ‘cultural mosaic.’”
Neoliberalism, Globalism, and Education
Schools are institutions that integrate all members of a Nation-state into the imagined community
Teaching children how to be “good citizens”
Resource draining from periphery countries
Transnational flow of goods, but also ideas, images, art, etc.
Shared global identity – we are all human
Multinational corporations stressing food practices and local economies
Constant adaption and transformation to new ideas and practices
Resistance and Reclamation
Power is in the hands of colonizers
Resistance from Indigenous groups around the world
Reclamation of what it means to be a legitimate occupier of land/space
Indigenism
An international, collaborative movement that aims to protect the rights and livelihoods of Indigenous peoples
Linguacide
forcing only one language (ex: English) to be used, therefore causing language death
Tourism as a new(er) commodity in local economic systems
Increased income and cultural understanding
Environmental degradation and essentialism of host cultures
Increase in Pan- cultures such as Pan-Africanism
Can lead to solidarity and support for revitalization movements
Tends to essentialize diverse cultures into a global whole – homogenization
Outside the Academy
- policy creation
- economic
- education
- immigration/citizenship
Outside the Academy
Support for Indigenous movements
Removing essentialization of globalization as a uniformly negative and homogenizing process
Supporting cultural growth and change
