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RNAV > Progress 1 > Flashcards

Progress 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Night effect is due to: ___ distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk

A

skywave

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2
Q

Transmissions from VOR facilities may be adversely affected by ___ propagation over irregular ground surfaces

A

uneven

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3
Q

If VOR bearing information is used beyond the published protection range, errors could be caused by:

a. sky wave interference from the same transmitter
d. interference from other transmitters

A

d. interference from other transmitters

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4
Q

Which of the following is likely to have the greatest effect on ADF accuracy? Interference from other NDB’s, particularly at __.

A

night

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5
Q

The Doppler navigation system is based on radar principles using __ shift

A

frequency

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6
Q

Factors liable to affect most NDB/ADF system performance and reliability include:

a) coastal refraction - lane slip - mountain effect
b) static interference - night effect - absence of failure warning system

A

b) static interference - night effect - absence of failure warning system

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7
Q

The influence of the ionosphere on the accuracy of the satellite navigation system NAVSTAR/GPS is:

c. minimised by the receiver using a model of the atmosphere and comparing signals transmitted by the satellites
d. minimised by computing the average of all signals

A

c. minimised by the receiver using a model of the atmosphere and comparing signals transmitted by the satellites

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8
Q

Which one of the following errors can be compensated for by a NAVSTAR/GPS receiver comparing L1 and L2 frequencies?

a. Tropospheric
b. Ionospheric delay

A

b. Ionospheric delay

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9
Q

Which statement about the error and effects on NDB radio signals is correct?

a. Shore line effects may cause a huge bearing error due to reflection of the raido signal onto steep coasts.
b. Lightning during atmospheric disturbances may cause a reduction of the signal strength that may result in only slight bearing errors.
c. The mountain effect is caused by reflections onto steep slope of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in the bearing.
d. Night effect is the result of interference of the surface wave and the space wave causing a reduction in range.

A

c. The mountain effect is caused by reflections onto steep slope of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in the bearing.

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10
Q

Reflection from ionospheric layers is used in the following radio frequencies:

a. HF
b. VHF
c. VLF
d. UHF

A

a. HF

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11
Q

Mountain effect, occuring for instance with NDBs. is caused by what physical phenomenon?

a. refraction
b. reflection

A

b. reflection

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12
Q

The phenomenon of a change in direction of an EM-wave occuring at an interfacce between two different media, so that the wave returns into the medium from which it originated, is called?

A

reflection

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13
Q 
The phenomenon of a change in direction of an EM-wave occuring due to a change in its speed is called?
Select one:
a. interference
b. reflection
c. diffraction
d. refraction
A

d. refraction

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14
Q

The phenomenon when a wave bends when it passes around an impenetrable obstacle is:

a. interference
b. reflection
c. diffraction
d. refraction

A

c. diffraction

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15
Q

From which physical phenomenon do skywaves originate?

a. absorption
b. diffraction
c. interference
d. refraction

A

d. refraction

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16
Q

Which of the following affects VDF range?

a. Sky wave propagation.
b. The height of the transmitter and of the receiver
c. Strength of the pilot’s voice when transmitting.
d. Coastal refraction.

A

b. The height of the transmitter and of the receiver

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17
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the range of an NDB?

a. The range of an NDB will most likely increase at day time compared to night time.
b. The range is limited to the line of sight.
c. The transmitter power of the NDB station has no affect on the range.
d. Aircraft height is not limiting for the reception of signals from the NDB.

A

d. Aircraft height is not limiting for the reception of signals from the NDB.

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18
Q

Which of the following errors is associated with the use of VOR?

a. Coastal refraction.
b. Night effect.
c. Scalloping.
d. Quadrantal error.

A

c. Scalloping.

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19
Q

MLS is primarily being installed at airports where

a. the main approach paths lead over water.
b. topographical conditions preclude the installation of ILS marker beacons.
c. meteorological conditions are likely to cause ILS ducting by super refraction.
d. ILS encounters difficulties because of surrounding buildings and/or the terrain or interference from local music stations.

A

d. ILS encounters difficulties because of surrounding buildings and/or the terrain or interference from local music stations.

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20
Q

Which statement is correct with respect to the range of an NDB?

b. With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land.
c. The range depends on the altitude of the aircraft.

A

b. With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land.

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21
Q

What causes the so-called night effect?

a. Interference between the ground and the space wave.
b. The difference in velocity of the EM-waves over land and over sea. at night.
c. A change in the direction of the plane of polarisation due to reflection in the ionosphere.
d. The absence of the surface wave at distances larger than the skip distance.

A

c. A change in the direction of the plane of polarisation due to reflection in the ionosphere.

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22
Q

True or false:
What is the function of the Echo Protection Circuit (EPC)?:
The EPC has to detect if the interrogator-receiver has been locked on by reflected pulse-pairs.

A

true

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23
Q

Which of the following are all errors associated with ADF?

____ effect, station interference, static interference

A

mountain

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24
Q

Which of the following is the most significant error in ADF?

a. coastal refraction
b. quadrantal error
c. precipitation static
d. static from Cb

A

d. static from Cb

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25
Q

Which of the following may cause inaccuracies in ADF bearings?

a. lack of failure warning, station interference, static interference
d. coastal refraction, slant range, night effect

A

a. lack of failure warning, station interference, static interference

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26
Q

The quoted accuracy of VOR is valid what time period?

A

at all times

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27
Q

In NAVSTAR/GPS the PRN codes are used to determine ___ range.

A

satellite

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28
Q

The effect of the ionosphere on NAVSTAR/GPS accuracy is:

a. only significant for satellites close to the horizon
b. minimised by averaging the signals
c. minimised by the receivers using a model of the ionosphere to correct the signals

A

c. minimised by the receivers using a model of the ionosphere to correct the signals

29
Q

Which of the following statements concerning ionospheric propagation errors is true?

b. they are significantly reduced when a second frequency is available
c. transmitting the state of the ionosphere to the receivers enables the error to reduced to less than one metre

A

b. they are significantly reduced when a second frequency is available

30
Q

Comparing the L1 and L2 signals helps with the reduction of which GNSS error?

b. Ionospheric propagation
c. tropospheric propagation

A

b. Ionospheric propagation

31
Q

How does night effect affect ADF?

Skywave interference which affects the null and is worst at ___.

A

dawn and dusk

32
Q

The accuracy of ADF may be affected by:

angle of bank, mountain effect, ___ interference

A

station

33
Q

The ADF error which will cause the needle to ‘hunt’ (ie oscillate around the correct bearing) is..

A

night effect

34
Q

The major limitation in the use of GPS for precision approaches using wide area augmentation systems (WAAS) is: the height difference between the ellipsoid and the ___.

A

earth

35
Q

The principle error in GNSS is:

___ propagation

A

ionospheric

36
Q

When using airborne weather radar in the mapping mode in polar areas one runs the risk:

a. of getting a distorted picture because of ice reflection.
b. of mistaking the edge of coastal ice off shore for the real coastline.

A

b. of mistaking the edge of coastal ice off shore for the real coastline.

37
Q

The contents of the navigation and systems message from NAVSTAR/GPS SVs include:

a. satellite clock error, almanac data, ionospheric propagation information
b. satellite clock error, almanac data, satellite position error

A

a. satellite clock error, almanac data, ionospheric propagation information

38
Q

The OUTER MARKER of an Instrument Landing System (ILS) facility transmits on a frequency of: __ MHz and is modulated by morse at __ dashes per second.

A

75, two

39
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the variable, or directional, signal of a conventional VOR is correct?

a. The transmitter varies the amplitude of the variable signal by 30 Hz each time it rotates
b. The rotation of the variable signal at a rate of 30 times per second gives it the characteristics of a 30 Hz amplitude modulation

A

b. The rotation of the variable signal at a rate of 30 times per second gives it the characteristics of a 30 Hz amplitude modulation

40
Q

An aircraft carrying out an ILS approach is receiving more 90 Hz than 150 Hz modulation notes from both the localiser and glidepath transmitters. The ILS indication will show: Fly left/right and up/down

A

right, down.

Held þetta sé þannig að ef þú færð meiri 90Hz signals en 150Hz þá er glideslope að segja down og localiser segir right.

41
Q

In accordance with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) a radio signal can be classifired b; three symbols. The first symbol indicates: (eg A1A)..

A

type of modulation of the main carrier

42
Q

The Doppler effect is used in a VOR to create a signal which is received by the aircraft’s VOR receiver as a __ modulated signal.

A

frequency

43
Q

Phase modulation is a modulation form used in GPS where the phase of the carrier wave is ____.

A

reversed

44
Q

What is meant by keying A1A modulation? interrupting the ____ to break it into dots and dashes.

A

carrier wave

45
Q

Modulation is:

a. Addition of a low frequency signal (tone, voice) onto high frequency carrier wave.
d. Addition of a high frequency signal (tone, voice) onto low frequency carrier wave

A

a. Addition of a low frequency signal (tone, voice) onto high frequency carrier wave.

46
Q

What is measured in depth between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation:

a. The difference in time between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.
c. The difference in phase between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.
d. The difference in depth between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.

A

d. The difference in depth between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.

47
Q

In accordance with the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) a radio signal may be classified b\ three symbols. Second symbol indicates (e.g. A1A): __ of signal(s) modulating the __ ___.

A

nature, main carrier

48
Q

What is measured in order to establish aircraft position in relation to the localizer beam on an ILS?

a. The difference in phase between the 90Hz modulation and the 150Hz modulation.
b. The difference in depth between the 90Hz modulation and the 150Hz modulation.

A

b. The difference in depth between the 90Hz modulation and the 150Hz modulation.

49
Q

What are the modulation frequencies of the two overlapping lobes that are used on an ILS approach? __ HZ __ HZ

A

90, 150

50
Q

The audio modulation of the middle marker is keyed to give alternating dots and dashes at a rate of _ dashes per second and _ dots per second

A

2,6

51
Q

What is measured in order to establish aircraft position in relation to the localiser beam on an ILS? The difference in ___ between the 90 Hz modulation and the 150 Hz modulation.

A

depth

52
Q

Concerning the localiser principle of operation in an ILS. the needle of the aircraft indicator is centred when the difference in depth of modulation (DDM) is..

A

null

53
Q

An ILS receiver measures the difference in __ of modulation of the two transmitted signals.

A

depth

54
Q

The ILS outer marker modulation frequency is: __ Hz

A

400

55
Q

The ILS inner marker (if available) modulation frequency is: __ Hz

A

3000

56
Q

The ILS middle marker modulation frequency is: __ Hz.

A

1300

57
Q

The audio frequency modulation of the outer marker shall be keyed as follows: _ dashes per second continuously.

A

2

58
Q

The audio frequency modulation of the inner marker (if available) shall be keyed as follows: _ dots per second continuously.

A

6

59
Q

In an ILS. concerning the localiser principle of operation, the difference in depth of modulation (DDM) will: ___ with displacement from the centerline

A

increase

60
Q

Concerning the glidepath principle of operation in an ILS. the difference in depth of modulation (DDM) will: increase/decrease with displacement above or below the glidepath.

A

increase

61
Q

The type of modulation used for the ILS frequency carrier is amplitude/phase/frequency modulation.

A

amplitutde

62
Q

If the (angular) displacement of an aircraft (with respect to the localiser centerline) doubles (e.g. from 1° to 2°) the measured Difference in Depth of Modulation

a. is halved.
b. doubles.
c. increases fourfold.
d. remains unchanged.

A

b. doubles.

63
Q

Concerning the localiser principle of operation in an ILS system, the difference in depth of modulation (DDM): increases linearly with respect to the angular displacement from the ___.

A

centerline

64
Q

The ILS receiver of an aircraft on approach and flying on the glidepath will receive:

a. the maximum magnitude of the difference between the two amplitudes.
b. the same modulation frequency signals from both lobes with the maximum of magnitude.
c. the modulation from both lobes at equal depth.
d. no modulated signal because the two lobes cancel each other along the centerline.

A

c. the modulation from both lobes at equal depth.

65
Q

The principle of operation of an ILS is: the difference in depth of ___.

A

modulation

66
Q

In a conventional VOR the reference signal and the variable signal have a 30 Hz modulation. The variable signal modulation is produced by:

b. using Doppler techniques to produce a 30 Hz amplitude modulation
c. a 30 Hz rotation producing a 30 Hz modulation
d. varying the amplitude up and down at +/-30 Hz

A

c. a 30 Hz rotation producing a 30 Hz modulation

67
Q 
The amplitude modulation of the ILS outer marker is ……. and it illuminates the …… light in the cockpit.
Select one:
a. 1300 Hz, amber
b. 400 Hz, blue
c. 1300 Hz, blue
d. 400 Hz, amber
A

b. 400 Hz, blue

68
Q

The principle of operation of the ILS localiser transmitter is that it transmits two ov erlapping lobes on:

a. the same frequency with different amplitude modulations
b. the same frequency with different phases
c. different frequencies with different amplitude modulations
d. different frequencies with different phases

A

a. the same frequency with different amplitude modulations

69
Q

The phase difference measured at the aircraft between the VOR FM modulation and the AM modulation is 280°. The bearing of the beacon from the aircraft is:

A

100° (bara -180).

Phase difference between FM og AM modulation er greinilega að segja til um stefnu í VOR.

RNAV (8 decks)

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