Programming & Site Analysis (ALL) Flashcards
Programming Concepts
What are the 5 steps in the Programming Process?
- Goals
- Facts - Analyzing/Collecting
- Concepts - Testing
- Needs - Determining NEEDS vs. WANTS
- Problem - Stating the Problem.
Programmatic Concepts
Priority
Establishes the order of importance of things such as size, position, or social values
Programmatic Concepts
Hierarchy
Relates to the idea of the exercise of authority and is expressed in physical symbols of authority
Programmatic Concepts
Density
low, medium, or high—may relate to how a space or group of spaces are used to respond to goals such as efficient use of space or the desired amount of interaction in an office.
Programmatic Concepts
Activity Grouping
States whether activities should be integrated (i.e., bundled together) or separated and compartmentalized
Programmatic Concepts
People Grouping
States the degree of massing of people in a space and is derived from the physical, social, and emotional characteristics of the group
Programmatic Concepts
Separated Flow
Relates to segregating the flow of people, service access, and other activities of a building or space.
Programmatic Concepts
Flexibility
Includes 3 components
1. Expandability
2. Convertibility
3. Versatility
Programmatic Concepts
Security
Refers to ways that both people and property can be protected based on the value of the potential loss
Programmatic Concepts
Phasing
Determines if the project must be completed in stages to meet time and cost schedules.
Programmatic Concepts
Cost Control
Explores ways to establish a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet the client’s available funds.
Programming Concepts
What are the 4 MAJOR considerations during porgramming?
- Form - What is it?
- Function - What does it do?
- Economy - Budget
- Time - Schedule
Programming Concepts
What are the 3 types of adjacency needs?
- People
- Products
- Information
Determining & Representing Space Concepts
The following is the order in which the Design Concept develops into a final product
- Programming
- Design theory
- Application of conceptual ideas
- Design concept
- Adjacencies/relationships* *in the form of matrix, bubble or adjacency diagram
- Rough block or stacking Diagrams
- Design development
- Space Planning
- Construction drawings
Components of a Design Concept
Plan Arrangements/Organizational Concepts
- Open (hierarchy is not wanted)
- Centralized (non-directional)
- Linear (corridor)
- Grid
- Radial
- Clustered
- Axial
Space Relationships
- Adjacent (home/offices)
- Overlapping (stage in Theater)
- Sharing Common Space (room around courtyard)
- Space within space
Space Planning
The following is the process used to translate programmatic needs into a physical plan (construction drawings)
Things to consider during space allocation
- Exisitng conditions (views, features, plumbing, structural)
- Organization concepts (linear, grid, centeralize, axial)
- Circulation Patterns (ways of organizing a space)
- Furnishings Layout
- Code Restrictions that will influence the concepts
Space Planning
Linear
- In its simplest form, the linear concept runs in a straight line
- Often used to separate groups of enclosed spaces with a large open space
Example: School
Space Planning
Axial
Aligns spaces on a significant feature or features
Example: Church
Space Planning
Open
- No space defining partions; furniture solution-based floor plan
- Concept cannot be used by itself because there are usually spaces that must be enclosed for security, privacy, light control, acoustical isolation, or other reasons
Space Planning
Grid
- Arranges spaces on a predefined, regular pattern of points or intersecting parallel line
- Useful way to organize many different types and sizes of spaces while maintaining an overall regularity and pattern
Space Planning
Centeralized
Uses a single dominate space with seconary spaces grouped around it
Data & Research
Program Analysis
- Determining Space needs
- Task and Activity Analysis
- Code Analysis
- Accessibility
- Rules and Regulations, Standards for leased Building
- Building systems Review
Data & Research
Information needs to be gathered by ONE of the FOUR METHODS
- Goals and Objectives
- User Requirements
- Activity Requirements
- Furnishing and Equipment
- Adjacencies
- Space Requirement listed by Activity and Square footage
- Time and Money Management
Data & Research
This is used during “COLLECTING/ANALYZING FACTS”
Information Gathering
Data & Research
What are the methods to gather infromation?
- Interviews
- Questionnaires
- Observation
- Field Surveys
- Precedent Studies
- Case Studies
- Benchmarking
Data & Research
Interviews
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- MOST VALUABLE
- Topics-related to physical implications for planning a space
Data & Research
Questionnaires
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- Most effective for large number of people
- Most be required by management (to be filled out by users)
- Take less time
Data & Research
Observation
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- Most RELIABLE ways to gather information
- Best ONLY to verify information gathered by interviews or questionnaires
Data & Research
Field surveys
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- Measures and photographs of existing buildings OR
- Determined from Architectural Drawings
Data & Research
Precedent Studies
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- These are either completed designs or materials choices used as a guide to explain the
- Designer’s vision or approach, but never used to copy the design.
Data & Research
Case Studies
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- It’s a detailed analysis of an entire facility and how it functions. It can then be used and
- applied to a new project
- Analyzing more than one yields the best results
Data & Research
Benchmarking
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- This the the analysis of data across multiple jobs against other projects
- It’s a way to develop a baseline, or point of reference for specific type of information such as costs,people, time, etc.
Data & Research
What is Evidence Based Design?
Based on credible research showing a link between one or more environmental elements with a desired outcome
Communicating the Program
Written Report Organization
- Title
- Introduction
- Executive Summary (optional for small projects)
- Goals and Objectives (optional)
- Summary of Space Needs
- Space adjacencies
- Code Requirements
- Analysis of Existing Space
- Budget and Schedule
- Programming Concepts
- Appendixes
Concepts of Design
What is a design theory?
It is a way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy
NOT A STYLE
Concepts of Design
What is historic precedent?
This researched is meant to finding inspiration and wisdom in existing designs by analyzing historical and contemporary buildings or designs for the new project
Concepts of Design
What is functional needs?
This is what the space or object is expected to function
Concepts of Design
What are the Gestalt Psychology?
Theories of perception
- Stimultaneous contrast (change in color based on the background color it is seen against it)
- Grouping (proximity, simlarity, direction and context)
- Closure
- Continuity
- Simplicity
- Figure Ground
Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.
Concepts of Design
What are the 4 Perceptual Constancies?
Theories of perception
- Shape
- Size
- Lightingess/Brightness
- Color
Elements of Design
What are the 3 color qualities?
- HUE: Basic color (red vs. blue)
- VALUE: Degree of lightness or darkness
- INTENSITY: Purity of basic color (hue) against a neutral gray of same intensity
Elements of Design
High contrast color schemes
Things to remember
- Older individuals require higher contrasting color schemes due to the reduced ability to distinguish closely related colors
- Helpful to distinguish shapes and forms and define objects
- Good for those who are visual impaired
- Can also cause too much stimulation, which can cause stress
Elements of Design
Effects of adjacent Colors and Light
Things to remember
- **Complementary: **Opposite in color wheel they complement each other
- Two (2) non-complementary are placed together. One appears to tint the other w/ its own complement
- Two (2) Primary colors together appear tinted with a 3rd primary
- Simultaneous Contrast: A color placed against a darker background will appear lighter and vice versa.
- A background color will absorb the same color in a second, complimentary color
- A neutral gray will appear warm against blue and cool against red
Elements of Design
What are the Warm and Cool colors?
Warm
* Red, Yellow, Orange
Cool
* Blue, Purple, Green
Principles of Design
What are the 6 principles of design?
- Balance
- Rhythm
- Harmony & Unity
- Emphasis & Focus
- Contrast & Variety
Principles of Design
What are the 3 types of methods used to measure proportion?
- Golden Ratio/Section (Greek letter PHI, A +B)
- Fibonacci Series (number series)
- Modular system (Le Corbusier, human body)
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What is a Criteria Matrix?
Distills project issues such as needs for privacy, natural light, and security into a concise consistent form
Used in residential projects & programming of public spaces
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What are the difference between a Adjacency and Criteria Matrix?
- **Adjacency matrix **focuses solely on the nature of spatial relationships
- **Criteria matrix **addresses the needs and requirements for each space such as electrical or daylighting needs
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What is a Bubble Diagram?
- Attempt to place bubbles in exact spatial relationships emerging in a final floor plan layout.
- Typically allocate one room per bubble
Planning Diagrams
What is a Block Diagram?
- Usually drawn to scale and relate directly to the architectural parameters of the existing building plan
- Generally drawn with each area or function represented by a block of the appropriate square footage; circulation area are often rectilinear corridors
These are created later in the programming phase
Planning Diagrams
What are Stacking Diagrams?
- A vertical bubble diagram
- Multi floor organization
- Function for each floor
Planning Diagrams
What is a Zoning Diagram?
- A diagram where a spatial zone is set aside for a departmental function.
- An intentional “zoning concept” is a valuable first step with large scale facilities
Site Photographs
What is Convergent photogrammetry?
Slower than laser scanning
* It uses multiple, oblique photographic images of an object in order to produce 3D models and measurements
Think of this as for outside of a building
Site Photographs
What is Stereo photogrammetry?
It makes accurate 3D drawins for photographs
Think of this as inside of building
Site Photographs
Photogrammetry
- Through this technique, photographs of the site are taken from different angles and then used to create a detailed 3D mode
- It surveys objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software
- Used in Mapping
Almost like stitching all the pictures
Site Photographs
What is Orthophotography
Large format for facades but needs software
Mostly used for aerial view of a site
Site Photographs
What is Rectified photography used for
Used for large format, film based highly detailed-scalable photographs such as building façades
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Proxemics?
- It refers to the study of how humans use and perceive personal space in their interactions
*Coined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What are Maslows Hierachy needs pyramid?
- Physciological
- Safety
- Social
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Territoriality?
- Refers to the human tendency to claim and defend spaces as one’s own
- Setting physical boundaries
- It is the need to lay claim to the spaces people occupy and the things they own;
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Personalization?
It’s the tailoring spaces to meet the specific preferences or identities of individuals or groups
- Incorporating colors, materials, textures, and styles that align with the user’s tastes.
- Personalized decor elements, such as artwork, custom finishes, or unique details that contribute to a sense of identity
Means of expressing territoriality
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is status?
The physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism that indicate/communicate status for some people
* Example:
Management: larger offices, windows
Lower Tier mgmt/staff: smaller offices or cubicles, no windows**
Can also be seen as part of social influences
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Sociofugal?
- Keeps people separate and furniture is arranged in rows or far apart
- Arrangements that discourage interaction
- Found in lecture halls and medical waiting rooms
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Sociopetal?
- Brings people together
- Pieces of furniture are arranged perpendicular to each other to encourage interaction
- Furniture arrangements are those that help social interaction
- Found in living rooms, dining rooms, hotel lobbies and conference rooms
What is group interation?
Seating arrangements are the most common ways to facilitate group interaction
* Studies have shown that people will seat themselves at a table according to the nature of their relationships with others around them
* Round tables tend to foster more cooperation and equality
Human Factors
What is Ergonomics?
Study of the relation between human
physiology & the physical environment
Human Factors
What is Anthropometrics?
It is the measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
The following will be determined by Zoning ordinances
- Allowable use (residential vs. commercial vs. industrial)
- Restrictions (historical, operations, zone adjacencies)
- Building size or maximum area covered
- Building setbacks
- Parking layout (if commercial) and loading requirements
- Signage
