Programming & Site Analysis (ALL) Flashcards
Programming Concepts
What are the 5 steps in the Programming Process?
- Goals
- Facts - Analyzing/Collecting
- Concepts - Testing
- Needs - Determining NEEDS vs. WANTS
- Problem - Stating the Problem.
Programmatic Concepts
Priority
Establishes the order of importance of things such as size, position, or social values
Programmatic Concepts
Hierarchy
Relates to the idea of the exercise of authority and is expressed in physical symbols of authority
Programmatic Concepts
Density
low, medium, or high—may relate to how a space or group of spaces are used to respond to goals such as efficient use of space or the desired amount of interaction in an office.
Programmatic Concepts
Activity Grouping
States whether activities should be integrated (i.e., bundled together) or separated and compartmentalized
Programmatic Concepts
People Grouping
States the degree of massing of people in a space and is derived from the physical, social, and emotional characteristics of the group
Programmatic Concepts
Separated Flow
Relates to segregating the flow of people, service access, and other activities of a building or space.
Programmatic Concepts
Flexibility
Includes 3 components
1. Expandability
2. Convertibility
3. Versatility
Programmatic Concepts
Security
Refers to ways that both people and property can be protected based on the value of the potential loss
Programmatic Concepts
Phasing
Determines if the project must be completed in stages to meet time and cost schedules.
Programmatic Concepts
Cost Control
Explores ways to establish a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet the client’s available funds.
Programming Concepts
What are the 4 MAJOR considerations during porgramming?
- Form - What is it?
- Function - What does it do?
- Economy - Budget
- Time - Schedule
Programming Concepts
What are the 3 types of adjacency needs?
- People
- Products
- Information
Determining & Representing Space Concepts
The following is the order in which the Design Concept develops into a final product
- Programming
- Design theory
- Application of conceptual ideas
- Design concept
- Adjacencies/relationships* *in the form of matrix, bubble or adjacency diagram
- Rough block or stacking Diagrams
- Design development
- Space Planning
- Construction drawings
Components of a Design Concept
Plan Arrangements/Organizational Concepts
- Open (hierarchy is not wanted)
- Centralized (non-directional)
- Linear (corridor)
- Grid
- Radial
- Clustered
- Axial
Space Relationships
- Adjacent (home/offices)
- Overlapping (stage in Theater)
- Sharing Common Space (room around courtyard)
- Space within space
Space Planning
The following is the process used to translate programmatic needs into a physical plan (construction drawings)
Things to consider during space allocation
- Exisitng conditions (views, features, plumbing, structural)
- Organization concepts (linear, grid, centeralize, axial)
- Circulation Patterns (ways of organizing a space)
- Furnishings Layout
- Code Restrictions that will influence the concepts
Space Planning
Linear
- In its simplest form, the linear concept runs in a straight line
- Often used to separate groups of enclosed spaces with a large open space
Example: School
Space Planning
Axial
Aligns spaces on a significant feature or features
Example: Church
Space Planning
Open
- No space defining partions; furniture solution-based floor plan
- Concept cannot be used by itself because there are usually spaces that must be enclosed for security, privacy, light control, acoustical isolation, or other reasons
Space Planning
Grid
- Arranges spaces on a predefined, regular pattern of points or intersecting parallel line
- Useful way to organize many different types and sizes of spaces while maintaining an overall regularity and pattern
Space Planning
Centeralized
Uses a single dominate space with seconary spaces grouped around it
Data & Research
Program Analysis
- Determining Space needs
- Task and Activity Analysis
- Code Analysis
- Accessibility
- Rules and Regulations, Standards for leased Building
- Building systems Review
Data & Research
Information needs to be gathered by ONE of the FOUR METHODS
- Goals and Objectives
- User Requirements
- Activity Requirements
- Furnishing and Equipment
- Adjacencies
- Space Requirement listed by Activity and Square footage
- Time and Money Management
Data & Research
This is used during “COLLECTING/ANALYZING FACTS”
Information Gathering
Data & Research
What are the methods to gather infromation?
- Interviews
- Questionnaires
- Observation
- Field Surveys
- Precedent Studies
- Case Studies
- Benchmarking
Data & Research
Interviews
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- MOST VALUABLE
- Topics-related to physical implications for planning a space
Data & Research
Questionnaires
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- Most effective for large number of people
- Most be required by management (to be filled out by users)
- Take less time
Data & Research
Observation
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- Most RELIABLE ways to gather information
- Best ONLY to verify information gathered by interviews or questionnaires
Data & Research
Field surveys
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- Measures and photographs of existing buildings OR
- Determined from Architectural Drawings
Data & Research
Precedent Studies
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- These are either completed designs or materials choices used as a guide to explain the
- Designer’s vision or approach, but never used to copy the design.
Data & Research
Case Studies
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- It’s a detailed analysis of an entire facility and how it functions. It can then be used and
- applied to a new project
- Analyzing more than one yields the best results
Data & Research
Benchmarking
METHODS TO GATHER INFORMATION
- This the the analysis of data across multiple jobs against other projects
- It’s a way to develop a baseline, or point of reference for specific type of information such as costs,people, time, etc.
Data & Research
What is Evidence Based Design?
Based on credible research showing a link between one or more environmental elements with a desired outcome
Communicating the Program
Written Report Organization
- Title
- Introduction
- Executive Summary (optional for small projects)
- Goals and Objectives (optional)
- Summary of Space Needs
- Space adjacencies
- Code Requirements
- Analysis of Existing Space
- Budget and Schedule
- Programming Concepts
- Appendixes
Concepts of Design
What is a design theory?
It is a way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy
NOT A STYLE
Concepts of Design
What is historic precedent?
This researched is meant to finding inspiration and wisdom in existing designs by analyzing historical and contemporary buildings or designs for the new project
Concepts of Design
What is functional needs?
This is what the space or object is expected to function
Concepts of Design
What are the Gestalt Psychology?
Theories of perception
- Stimultaneous contrast (change in color based on the background color it is seen against it)
- Grouping (proximity, simlarity, direction and context)
- Closure
- Continuity
- Simplicity
- Figure Ground
Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.
Concepts of Design
What are the 4 Perceptual Constancies?
Theories of perception
- Shape
- Size
- Lightingess/Brightness
- Color
Elements of Design
What are the 3 color qualities?
- HUE: Basic color (red vs. blue)
- VALUE: Degree of lightness or darkness
- INTENSITY: Purity of basic color (hue) against a neutral gray of same intensity
Elements of Design
High contrast color schemes
Things to remember
- Older individuals require higher contrasting color schemes due to the reduced ability to distinguish closely related colors
- Helpful to distinguish shapes and forms and define objects
- Good for those who are visual impaired
- Can also cause too much stimulation, which can cause stress
Elements of Design
Effects of adjacent Colors and Light
Things to remember
- **Complementary: **Opposite in color wheel they complement each other
- Two (2) non-complementary are placed together. One appears to tint the other w/ its own complement
- Two (2) Primary colors together appear tinted with a 3rd primary
- Simultaneous Contrast: A color placed against a darker background will appear lighter and vice versa.
- A background color will absorb the same color in a second, complimentary color
- A neutral gray will appear warm against blue and cool against red
Elements of Design
What are the Warm and Cool colors?
Warm
* Red, Yellow, Orange
Cool
* Blue, Purple, Green
Elements of Design
What is the best way to make color selections?
Under the same type of lighting as it will be used. If not possible, test under two different types of light
Elements of Design
A background color will absorb the same color in a second, ________________ color
Complimentary
Elements of Design
A neutral gray will appear____________ against blue and cool agains _______________
Warm
eRed
Elements of Design
What are the 6 elements of design?
- Form
- Color
- Scale
- Pattern
- Texture
- Light
Principles of Design
What are the 6 principles of design?
- Balance
- Rhythm
- Harmony & Unity
- Emphasis & Focus
- Contrast & Variety
Principles of Design
When using DISSIMILAR COLORS, what principle of Balance is being applied?
Contrast and Variety
Principles of Design
Gradiation and Repetition are examples of what principle of Balance?
Rhythm
Principles of Design
What are the 3 types of methods used to measure proportion?
- Golden Ratio/Section (Greek letter PHI, A +B)
- Fibonacci Series (number series)
- Modular system (Le Corbusier, human body)
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
When is a Adjacency Matrix is used?
Programming and planning design concept stages
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What is a Criteria Matrix?
Distills project issues such as needs for privacy, natural light, and security into a concise consistent form
Used in residential projects & programming of public spaces
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What are the difference between a Adjacency and Criteria Matrix?
- **Adjacency matrix **focuses solely on the nature of spatial relationships
- **Criteria matrix **addresses the needs and requirements for each space such as electrical or daylighting needs
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What is a Bubble Diagram?
- Attempt to place bubbles in exact spatial relationships emerging in a final floor plan layout.
- Typically allocate one room per bubble
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
What phase of design are Bubble Diagrams used?
Early in the programming stage
Matrices and Bubble Diagrams
BEST TIPS for completing Bubble Diagrams
- Keep in mind Plumbing even this early in the planning. Especially rooms with floor drains! (Toilets, showers, floor sinks for example).
- The Size of the bubbles correspond with the size of the room. The larger the room, the larger the Bubble.
- PRIMARY adjacencies have thick lines or double lines. These lines cannot be crossed by any other lines.
- SECONDARY adjacency lines can cross each other all day long!
Secondary adjacencies are a ‘wish’, ‘nice to have’ but not a MUST
Planning Diagrams
What are planning diagrams?
Part of the process of planning and analyzing a design
Planning Diagrams
What is a Block Diagram?
- Usually drawn to scale and relate directly to the architectural parameters of the existing building plan
- Generally drawn with each area or function represented by a block of the appropriate square footage; circulation area are often rectilinear corridors
These are created later in the programming phase
Planning Diagrams
What are Stacking Diagrams?
- A vertical bubble diagram
- Multi floor organization
- Function for each floor
Planning Diagrams
What is a Zoning Diagram?
- A diagram where a spatial zone is set aside for a departmental function.
- An intentional “zoning concept” is a valuable first step with large scale facilities
Site Photographs
What is Convergent photogrammetry?
Slower than laser scanning
* It uses multiple, oblique photographic images of an object in order to produce 3D models and measurements
Think of this as for outside of a building
Site Photographs
What is Stereo photogrammetry?
It makes accurate 3D drawins for photographs
Think of this as inside of building
Site Photographs
Photogrammetry
- Through this technique, photographs of the site are taken from different angles and then used to create a detailed 3D mode
- It surveys objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software
- Used in Mapping
Almost like stitching all the pictures
Site Photographs
What is laser scanning and how is it used?
- Creates a 3D image
- It is the most accurate
- Does not need reference points
Site Photographs
What is Orthophotography
Large format for facades but needs software
Mostly used for aerial view of a site
Site Photographs
What is Rectified photography used for
Used for large format, film based highly detailed-scalable photographs such as building façades
Site Photographs
What is EDM?
Electronic Distance Measurement (Laser instrument?
Spreadsheets and Graphs
When are spreadsheets used?
Are used to process the data collected during the Data Gathering prior to programming
They are also used in the Project Management phase
Spreadsheets and Graphs
When are Graphs used?
During programming
Spreadsheets and Graphs
What are the the 4 types of Graphs?
- Line graphs – track changes over short and long periods of time. Useful for smaller changes
- Pie charts – useful when trying to compare parts of a whole
- Bar graphs – compare items across different groups or to track changes over time. Useful for larger
- changes
- X-Y plots – determines relationships between two different things
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Behavioral Analytics?
As part of our research and later design, designers use behavioral analysis to determine social and cultural influences, territoriality, personalization, behavior, status and how people use personal space zones
Fall under the Science of Proxemics
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Proxemics?
- It refers to the study of how humans use and perceive personal space in their interactions
*Coined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What are Maslows Hierachy needs pyramid?
- Physciological
- Safety
- Social
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Behavior setting?
- This studies the effect of the environment on human activity.
- What activities take place and where. Activity dictates the behavior and design
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Territoriality?
- Refers to the human tendency to claim and defend spaces as one’s own
- Setting physical boundaries
- It is the need to lay claim to the spaces people occupy and the things they own;
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Personalization?
It’s the tailoring spaces to meet the specific preferences or identities of individuals or groups
- Incorporating colors, materials, textures, and styles that align with the user’s tastes.
- Personalized decor elements, such as artwork, custom finishes, or unique details that contribute to a sense of identity
Means of expressing territoriality
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is status?
The physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism that indicate/communicate status for some people
* Example:
Management: larger offices, windows
Lower Tier mgmt/staff: smaller offices or cubicles, no windows**
Can also be seen as part of social influences
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What are the categroies of Social & Cultural Influences?
- Political conditions (demand for LEED or WELL certified buildings)
- Economic conditions (good economy = large house -and vice-versa)
- Cultural attitudes (trends in color, values, religion)
- Symbolism (banks tend to have large lobbies/churches traditionally have high ceilings)
- Regionalism (FL vs. Midwest, coast vs. desert)
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is an example of Regionalsim?
Coastal vs. Dessert
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
Gothic Revival and Spanish Mission style buildings are very different. What type of influence would thes two styles represent?
Cultrual influence
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Sociofugal?
- Keeps people separate and furniture is arranged in rows or far apart
- Arrangements that discourage interaction
- Found in lecture halls and medical waiting rooms
Behavioral Based Analytics/Proxemics
What is Sociopetal?
- Brings people together
- Pieces of furniture are arranged perpendicular to each other to encourage interaction
- Furniture arrangements are those that help social interaction
- Found in living rooms, dining rooms, hotel lobbies and conference rooms
What is group interation?
Seating arrangements are the most common ways to facilitate group interaction
* Studies have shown that people will seat themselves at a table according to the nature of their relationships with others around them
* Round tables tend to foster more cooperation and equality
Human Factors
What is Ergonomics?
Study of the relation between human
physiology & the physical environment
Human Factors
What is Anthropometrics?
It is the measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body
What is the purpose of Space Planning in design?
To implement programmatic needs
How is Proportion typically determined in design?
Relative to other surrounding objects most made “by eye”
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
What is the most common form of legal constraint on land development?
Zoning
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
The following will be determined by Zoning ordinances
- Allowable use (residential vs. commercial vs. industrial)
- Restrictions (historical, operations, zone adjacencies)
- Building size or maximum area covered
- Building setbacks
- Parking layout (if commercial) and loading requirements
- Signage
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
Zoning regulations typically result in
- Separation of allowed uses such as a factory doesn’t end up next to a residential home
- Control of population density. The more single family homes, the less density in an area
- Influence on building form -historic district are very limited for example.
- Stable property values
- Prevents poorly planned developments
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
Building Use requirements (or codes) are a set of?
Standards that all structures must meet to ensure safety
Site Analysis - Zoning
Site context includes
- Solar Orientation (This is directly related to daylighting)
- Transportation
- Historical Information
- Locations & Views
- Zoning
Site Analysis - Zoning
Due Diligence Site Investigation includes what?
- Field Survey (to determine)
- Size/Configuration of building or space
- Load Bearing walls
- Columns, exterior walls
- Non-load bearing, cabinetry, built-in items
- Doors, windows, ceiling heights
- Views from windows
- Structural, mechanical and Electrical systems should be checked for adequacy and Plumbing and Fire Protection
Site Analysis - Zoning
Due Diligence for Residental Site Investigation includes what?
- Size - Configuration
- Electrical - is it adequate
- Septic - is it enough for additions
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
Who regulates the use of the land, location of buildings and zoning districts?
Division of the local jurisdiction
Zoning and Building Use Requirements
Zoning places limits on what when it comes to buildings?
Stories of a building or the height in feet above grade level in a particular zone
Seismic Considerations
Code requires that each building is assigned a category, which is determined by these 3 factors. What are they?
- Soil
- Occupancy Catergory
- Geography
Seismic Considerations
Who determines the seismic category for a building?
Structural engineer
Seismic Considerations
There are 6 Seismic Design Categories A-F, which is the least restrictive?
A
F - most restrictive
Seismic Considerations
Here is the basics of what you need to know.
- A and B do not require special design details
- C require special design details, including ceiling detailing
-
D,
FE and D,
F just like C, require special design details but have the most stringent requirements for earthquakes.
Zoning
What is one effect of zoning regulations?
Stable property values
Zoning
Which of the following is typically restricted by zoning regulations?
Building size or maximum area covered
The original floor plan for the office is not efficient. As the company has grown, the space is no longer adequate for the function. You need to come up with a layout that is the MOST flexible as you also maintain the structural grid of the building. What circulation layout would you choose?
Dumbbell Circulation Layout
In the planning of STAR Engineering, by the Owner assigning the larger office to the Manager, what Behavioral & Psychological influence is being displayed
A. Status
B. Personalization
C. Growth Needs
D. Territoriality
Status
The owner of STAR Engineering gives you the offices SQ FT requirements for Manager, Supervisors and Secretary. She forgets to assign who will be occupying the offices. One office is 250 SF, 3 offices are 150 SF and 1 office is 100SF. Who would most likely occupy the larger office?
A. Senior Supervisor
B. Owner
C. Manager
D. Secretary
Manager
A BLOCK PLAN is produced in the earlier stages of the design process. What is it used for?
A. To show appropriate square footage
B. To show basic Circulation pattern
C. To give a sense of scale
D. All of the above
All of the above
You are making seating arrangements for a wedding reception. What distance is it typically considered for this event?
A. Public
B. Social
C. Intimate
D. Personal
Personal
Your team has been hired to produce the Accurate 3D images of Notre Dame. There are no plans and no reference points. What type of technique would you use to produce your drawings?
A. EDM
B. Tape Measure
C. Laser Scanning
D. Stereo Photogrammetry
Laser Scanning
Planning Diagrams
What is a Parti Diagram?
- Napkin sketch or mood board
- It’s a concept of them of design
