Programming, Planning & Practice Flashcards
A procedure in which an owner contracts with a construction manager (CM), who is generally responsible for control of a project’s time, cost, and quality
construction management
The Medieval architecture of Western Europe from the 12th to the 16th century; characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and daring structural forms
gothic
Ascribing human form or attributes to a being or thing not human
anthropomorphic
the heat transfer process which occurs when a warm fluid rises, displacing cold fluid which then falls
convection
a sievelike device at the entrance to a storm sewer which traps matter that could block the sewer
catch basin
a legal document which is used to transfer property title from one party to another
deed
A system composed of standardized units or sections used for simplified construction flexibility
modular
Equal and undivided ownership of property by two or more persons that upon the death of one, interest passes to the survivor(s)
joint tenancy
a street, alley or other thoroughfare or easement permanently established for passage of persons or vehicles
way
a material of which no part will ignite and burn when subjected to fire
noncombustible
the number of people or families per unit of area
population density
a portico used in Greek architecture, often as a covered meeting place or promenade
stoa
the characteristic visual and tactile quality of a surface
texture
a semicircular open area, with or without a roof, providing a continuous seat
exedra
the number of degrees north or south of the equator of a point on the earth’s surface
latitude
the separation of traffic lanes by the use of islands or dividers
channelization
a designation for a group of several occupancies which have comparable fire safety considerations, and which are therefore grouped together by code
occupancy group
a street which carries relatively low traffic and provides access to low-intensity uses which front on it
local access street
curved outward, such as the outside surface of a sphere
convex
a mud-brick stepped pyramid in Mesopotamian sacred architecture
ziggurat
The inner enclosed room of an ancient temple
cella
an area established by a governing body for a specific use, such as residential, commercial or industrial
zone
an amount established in an agreement between an owner and a contractor as the maximum cost of performing specified work
guaranteed maximum cost
a commemorative shaft, square in section, with small pyramid on top
obelisk
the inherent system in people that causes regular cycles of function or behavior, such as periods of working, sleeping and eating
biological clock
describing a design based on reason, sound judgment or logical good sense
rational
a community in New Jersey, planned by henry wright and Clarence Stein, in which superblocks were surrounded by roads, and all pedestrian paths bridged over or passed under the roads
Radburn
the general scheme for the design of a building
parti
pertaining to a symbolic representation of ideas or subjects by means of images
iconographic
the organization of the elements of a building or other work to achieve a desired result
design
wood or metal strips used to make a plane surface; also a cavity within a wall or ceiling
furring
the study of the total pattern of relations between a community or organisms and its environment
ecology
the study of the form or structure of anything
morphology
the level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water. also called the ‘water table’
groundwater level
the soil layer beneath the topsoil
subsoil
the combining of separate elements into an entity, as opposed to analysis
synthesis
construction employing the post-and-beam form, as opposed to the arch form
trabeated
the lowest part of a structure
base
a group of arches on columns or pillars, which are either freestanding or attached to a wall
arcade
the shape of an extensive urban area which lacks specific focal points, well-defined routes, or articulated form
sheet pattern
an arena encircled by tiers of seats
amphitheater
a type of residential siting in which a series of housing units are grouped closely together and surrounded by open space
cluster
the ratio of the area covered by buildings to the total lot area, expressed as a percentage
land coverage
a curved structure composed of wedge-shaped elements, used to span an opening
arch
the intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. also called ‘grade separation’
interchange
land on which buildings have not yet been constructed, but which contains utilities and streets
improved land
the form of modern architecture developed in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by cubistic forms, while surfaces, and large areas of glass and steel windows
international style
a partial obstruction against flow, in a duct or pipe
baffle
hollow and curved inward, such as the inside surface of a hollow sphere
concave
the process of controlling, collecting, transporting, and disposing of excess water
drainage
a theory suggesting that the land use patterns of some cities are not developed around a single core, but rather around several distinct nuclei
multiple nuclei theory
the intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. also called ‘interchange’
grade separation
composed of design elements originally derived from diverse sources or styles
hybrid
behavior intended to protect a specific territory by means of particular positions, postures, or gestures, such as placing one’s coat over the adjacent seat
spatial defense
a high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption. also called a ‘freeway’
expressway
in Roman architecture, an oblong building used for public administration, from which early Christian churches evolved
basilica
a term used by Kevin Lynch to describe sections of the environment having an identifying character
districts
a palace
palazzo
the main longitudinal portion of a church
nave
the process by which a person acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and decodes information about his or her spatial environment
cognitive mapping
the amount by which the average outdoor temperature at a particular location is below 65 degrees Fahrenheit for one day. Degree days may also be summed and stated for month or year
degree day (DD)
the location of an object in relation to the points of the compass, also, the ability to locate oneself in the environment with regard to time and place
orientation
a buttressing or supporting structure
abutment
an apartment building owned by a corporation in which shares are sold, entitling the shareholders to occupy dwelling units in the building
cooperative
a circulation pattern comprised of curves, which closely follows the contours of the land
curvilinear pattern
the temperature of air at which the water contained in the air begins to condense and form dew. It is therefore the temperature at which the air is at 100% relative humidity
dew point
a hole drilled into the ground at the site of a proposed structure in order to obtain samples of the subsurface soil for examination and testing in a laboratory. based on these tests, the soils engineer recommends the type of foundation and the allowable soil bearing pressure
test boring
a balanced arrangement of elements on either side of a dividing line or plane
symmetry
a road or path reserved for bicycle traffic
bikeway
a continuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way generally with a minimum width of 44 inches
exit
a horizontal plan elevation used as a reference for other elevations in surveying and mapping
datum
the legal power of a government to authorize actions which are in the best interest of the general public
police power
to set at a slant from the horizontal or vertical
cant
the acquisition of territory by a municipality
annexation
the land surrounding a flowing stream over which water spreads when a flood occurs
flood plain
An early 1950s style based on Le Corbusier’s crudely fabricated concrete work in which structural and mechanical elements were often featured
Brutalism
Constricted off-site in standardized sections for shipment and quick assembly, such as a prefabricated house
prefabricated
The recurrence of design elements in space
rhythm
An assembly of sloping, overlapping slats, fixed or adjustable, which excludes rain but admits air and/or light
louver
The extension of a building into the property of another
encroachment
a street to which minor streets connect and which leads to a major arterial
collector street
The shape, outline, or configuration of a structure. Also, a mold of wood or other material used to contain wet concrete in the required shape until it hardens
form
the topmost section of an entablature
cornice
A window or door blind made of fixed or movable horizontal slates
jalousie
A late-19th century style characterized by curvilinear motifs derived from natural forms
art nouveau
a legal instrument that pledges property as security for a debt
mortgage
a bank of earth, often piled up against a wall
berm
a horizontal angle measured clockwise from north or south
azimuth
a high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption. Also called an ‘expressway’
freeway
a law by which a government regulates and controls the character and use of property
zoning ordinance
the most important city of a country, state, or region; or any large, busy city
metropolis
paving using crushed stone
macadam
an apartment building in which the dwelling units are individually owned
condominium
inclination or slant, especially of the ground surface
slope
a type of grade-separated interchange used in highway design, named for its shape
cloverleaf
one of a continuous row of houses having a uniform plan and appearance and often sharing party walls
row house
The state of being a harmonious combination of elements
unity
the process of absorbing or incorporating an element into an established design system
assimilation
the restoration or substantial improvement of a building
rehabilitation
GNMA
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), an agency which functions in the secondary mortgage market
the strip of land in which a railroad or highway runs. Also, the right to pass over another’s property
right-of-way
the unit of space between the supporting columns of a building
bay
the boundary line of a lot
lot line
the prevailing or average weather conditions of a place as determined over a number of years
climate
an arrangement which tends to keep people apart, such as back-to-back seating in an airline terminal waiting room
sociofugal
a social group with which an individual has a territorial identification, such as a family, a school, or an entire town
territorial group
a graded flow path used in open drainage systems
swale
concrete used for paving which uses crushed granite as the coarse aggregate
granolith
a wall resistant to the spread of fire
fire wall
The angle which the sun makes with the horizon
altitude
Lynch’s term for a city’s circulation routes
paths
the separation of an entity into its components, so that it may be examined
analysis
the placement of two or more elements close together for comparison or contrast
juxtaposition
Reflectivity measured as the relative permeability of a surface to radiant energy flowing in either direction
albedo
the amount of space, measured in cubic feet or other similar units, occupied by a building or part of a building
volume
a circulation pattern in which channels spread out from a central point
radial pattern
having no environmental barriers, thereby permitting free access and circulation by the handicapped
barrier-free
a landscaped strip of ground between a pedestrian walk and a street
planting strip
the study of human perception of space and environment, including how the use of space relates to environmental and cultural factors
proxemics
A term used by Lynch to describe the ease with which parts of a city can be recognized and organized into a coherent patter. Also know as ‘legibility’
imageability
the net ground area of a lot which can be covered by a building after required setbacks and other zoning limitations have been accounted for
buildable area
the smallest identifiable parcel of land in a city
lot
a construction procedure in which construction on each phase of a project is begun as its design is completed, without waiting for the completed project design
fast-track
the unique characteristics of a place which relate to a specific behavior or a particular activity
behavior setting
a pattern of land use developed in the shape of a star
star pattern
The principal inner chamber of a Greek temple
naos
The wedge-shaped top member of an arch
keystone
The statistical study of human populations, such as births, deaths, marriages, and so on
demography
An imaginary line on the ground surface connecting all points of equal elevation
contour
Le Corbusier’s system of proportioning based on the male human body
Modular
Two sheets of glass with an air space between, to insulate against the passage of heat of sound. Also called ‘double glazing’
insulating glass
A platform raised above floor level
dais
A division of urban land, normally private property, which is surrounded by public streets, and which is officially established and recorded
block
The science of sound and sound control
acoustics
A use not strictly allowed in zoning ordinance, but permitted if specified conditions are met and if approval is granted by by the local governing body
conditional use
Removing and/or adding earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation or profile. Also called ‘earthwork’
grading
the uncontrolled human contact that results from an absence of physical, social, or psychological barriers, characterized by a lack of privacy
crowding
a small pavilion, usually in a public space
kiosk
a long-range, overall plan or concept for an areas development
master plan
a consistent, orderly, or pleasing arrangement of the elements of a building or other work
harmony
a long, narrow commercial development usually located along a highway or major street
strip development
a waterproof boxlike structure in which construction work can be performed underwater. Also a pile constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft
caisson
the 18th century social and economic movement, begun in England, that mechanized the productive processes by substituting machine power for hand power
industrial revolution
the process of formulating, organizing, or expressing an element clearly with relation to other parts
articulation
a pattern of land use which develops along a line, such as a highway or river
linear pattern
a form of real estate tenancy i which the lessee has the right to use a piece of property under conditions described in the lease
leasehold
a legal claim on property as security for money owed
lien
an indication of position having no dimension or area; the intersection of two lines
point
the elevation of a specified point on the ground or on a structure
spot elevation
the horizontal or vertical of a highway
alignment
the systematic review of a project design to obtain the best value for the money spent, considering first costs, operating costs, and replacement costs
value engineering
a system of planning and scheduling construction operations which analyzes sequences and durations of time using network diagrams
critical path method (CPM)
a process leading to the statement of an architectural problem and the requirements to be met in offering a solution
architectural programming
designing the external physical environment in which buildings and structures are placed
site planning
HUD
Department of Housing and Urban Development, the federal agency concerned with all phases of housing activities
referring to construction in which fire resistance is obtained by using wood structural members of specified minimum sizes
heavy timber
a permanently plastic, waterproof, adhesive material used in sealing joints
mastic
a sociological concept that prescribes the acceptable way an individual should act in specific situations
role
the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the area of the lot
floor area ratio (FAR)
a short road with no outlet, serving only those buildings or properties which face it
cul-de-sac
flow from a culvert, sewer, or other channel
discharge
describing a style of architecture in Western Europe during the 9th to 12th centuries, characterized by the use of heavy masonry, round arches, and barrel vaults
romanesque
a dome, hence often a cathedral
duomo
Lynch’s term for linear elements which separate regions and which are not paths
edges
a minor street which starts at a major street, extends in curvilinear fashion for a short distance, and then returns to the major street
loop street
an original model after which something is patterned; a prototype
archetype
referring to a disability which makes a person unable to walk and therefore confined to a wheelchair
non-ambulatory
the level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water. Also called the ‘groundwater level’
water table
an open court enclosed by the walls of a building
patio
a sacred picture or object
icon
a deed restriction which regulates land use, construction materials, appearance, or aesthetic qualities of an area
covenant
a determining factor or characteristic
parameter
any public way or thoroughfare 10 to 16 feet in width which has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use
alley
a form of land ownership in which the owner has absolute title, which can be transferred by sale or bequest
fee simple
an inner court open to the sky, but surrounded by a roof
atrium
to develope minute surface cracks in stucco, concrete, or glaze
craze
a public body which provides and manages housing, particularly for low-income families
housing authority
an architectural style from 19th century France which encouraged the eclectic adaptation of French Renaissance features
beaux-arts
a very large area of land in which all through traffic is eliminated, but which may be penetrated by culs-de-sac or minor loop roads
superblock
the exterior face of a building, usually the front
facade
the suitability of a design for a particular purpose or occasion
appropriateness
special permission granted to an owner permitting a deviation from zoning requirements normally applicable to the property in question
variance
a relatively permanent surveyor’s mark of known location and elevation
benchmark
referring to a design that derives from a wide range of diverse sources or influences
eclectic
a spherical triangle forming a transition between a circular dome and its square or polygonal support
pendentive
a logical process in which a conclusion contains more information than the premises on which it is based, as opposed to deductive reasoning
inductive reasoning
a sun break, an architectural shading device for blocking unwanted sun rays
brise-soliel
