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Compsci 3342 > Programming Languages > Flashcards

Programming Languages Flashcards

1
Q

Adding a feature to a programming language to make it easier to do something that was already doable is called adding ANSWER.

A

syntactic sugar

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2
Q

Matz, the creator of Ruby thinks that it is less important to optimize the execution (efficiency) of a programming language and more important to optimize the efficiency of ANSWER

A

the programmers

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3
Q

A programming language is called ANSWER if it is executed by an interpreter rather than by first being compiled with a compiler.

A

interpreted

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4
Q

If the types of a programming language are bound at execution time rather than compile time, then the types are called ANSWER.

A

dynamically typed

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5
Q

In describing the properties of an object oriented language, encapsulation means ANSWER.

A

Data and behaviour are packaged together

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6
Q

In discussing object oriented languages objects are organized into a class tree to support the property of ANSWER.

A

inheritance

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7
Q

In discussing object oriented languages being able to handle objects of related type is called ANSWER.

A

Polymorphism

(Polymorphism has a different usage in the object oriented programming community than in the functional programming community)

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8
Q

The application that caused a significant increase in the popularity of Ruby was a web framework called ANSWER.

A

Rails

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9
Q

The concurrency approach used in Ruby is ANSWER.

A

threads

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10
Q

The command name for the ruby interpreter is ANSWER.

A

irb

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11
Q

In ruby true.class returns ANSWER

A

TrueClass

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12
Q

Ruby supports two common ways that boolean expressions are handled in programming languages. In one approach both subexpressions of a boolean operator are evaluated before the boolean operator is evaluated. In the other approach called ANSWER the first subexpression in a boolean expression is evaluated and if that is enough to know the result of the boolean expression, then the second subexpression is not evaluated.

A

short-circuit evaluation

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13
Q

In Ruby, normally when you try to add a String to a Fixnum, you get an error message saying that a String cannot be coerced to a Fixnum. This is because Ruby is ANSWER typed.

A

strongly

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14
Q

One way of checking types is to see what constructor was used to create an object that is a parameter. Another way of checking types is to wait until a method is sent to an object and see if it supports the methods. This second way is called ANSWER.

A

duck typing

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15
Q

A major claim in object oriented design philosophy is that you should code to ANSWER rather than code to implementation.

A

interface

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16
Q

The & notation in the line of Ruby def gerorge(&sam) is used to indicate that sam is ANSWER.

A

a code block

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17
Q

The : notation in the Ruby expressions :hi is used to indicate that hi is ANSWER.

A

a symbol

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18
Q

With respect to the value returned by the Ruby expression:
‘hi’ .object_id == ‘hi’ .object_id
You can say it ANSWER.

A

could be either true or false

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19
Q

With respect to the value returned by the ruby expression:
:hi.object_id== :hi.object_id
You can say it ANSWER.

A

will always be true

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20
Q

To execute a code block in Ruby that is passed to a method but does not appear on its parameter list, you use the keyword ANSWER.

A

yield

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21
Q

To execute a codeblock in Ruby that is passed to a method on its parameter list, you send that parameter the method ANSWER.

A

call

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22
Q

A code block is some lines of code surrounded by either curly braces or ANSWER.

A

do end

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23
Q

In Ruby the expression Fixnum.class returns ANSWER.

A

Class

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24
Q

The root of the inheritance hierarchy in Ruby is the class ANSWER.

A

Object (According to textbook in 2010)

BasicObject (Updated answer for Ruby 2.3)

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25
Q

In Ruby, the name of the method in the class Me that is automatically invoked when a new object of type Me is created with Me.new is ANSWER.

A

initialize

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26
Q

In Ruby, the @ is used to indicated that the variable @me is ANSWER.

A

an instance variable

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27
Q

In Ruby, the @@ is used to indicate that the variable @@me is ANSWER.

A

a class variable

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28
Q

In Ruby, by convention the ? in the method me? is used to indicate that me is ANSWER.

A

boolean

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29
Q

In Ruby, the mixin is used to solve the object-oriented programming problem of ANSWER.

A

multiple inheritance

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30
Q

The feature of programs being able to ‘write programs’ (creating application specific language features) is called ANSWER.

A

metaprogramming

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31
Q

In Ruby, if you declare a class with a class name that is already in use and put in it the definition of a new method, you have changed the functionality of the existing class (even if it is a predefined class like Fixnum). The property of Ruby that allows this is ANSWER.

A

open classes

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32
Q

When you send a message to a Ruby object, Ruby first looks at the methods that object supports, and then starts working the inheritance chain. If it still cant find the appropriate method, the message and its parameters get passed as a message to the object looking for a method called ANSWER.

A

method_missing

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33
Q

In the Ruby community, the acronym DSL is an abbreviation for ANSWER.

A

domain specific language

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34
Q

In Ruby, if a line starts with a method name, that method is being sent to the object named ANSWER.

A

self

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35
Q

When you define a method in a class, normally it is meant to be invoked on an object of that class (an instance method). Sometimes it is meant to be invoked on the class name itself (a class method), like Date.parse( ‘3rd Feb 2001’). In Ruby, to define a class method we put ANSWER at the beginning of the method name in its definition.

A

self

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36
Q

Scala was designed to connect two programming paradigms, which were ANSWER.

A

object-oriented and functional

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37
Q

Another design goal for Scala was to have its programs easily interoperate with those written in ANSWER.

A

Java

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38
Q

Scala is ANSWER typed.

A

statically

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39
Q

Scala uses few type declarations because its compiler does ANSWER.

A

type inferencing

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40
Q

The main concurrency method used in Scala is ANSWER.

A

actors

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41
Q

In Scala, to indicate that a variable is immutable, you introduce it with the ANSWER keyword.

A

val

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42
Q

In Scala, to indicate that a variable is mutable, you introduce it with the ANSWER keyword.

A

var

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43
Q

In Scala, if I want to redefine a method that is defined in my parent class, I indicate this by using the keyword ANSWER.

A

override

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44
Q

The Scala feature closest to a Ruby mixin is the ANSWER.

A

trait

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45
Q

In Scala, the type that every type is a subtype of is called ANSWER.

A

Any

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46
Q

In Scala, the type that is a subtype of every type is called ANSWER.

A

Nothing

47
Q

Many programming languages represent internal constants for types like strings, floats, and integers. Scala has the unusual distinction of having an internal constant representation for the type ANSWER, which is normally viewed as a format external to a program.

A

XML

48
Q

The ! in Scala is used to ANSWER.

A

Send a message to an actor

49
Q

In the chapter on Scala, we get the following interesting quote: ANSWER is the most important thing you can do to improve code design for concurrency.

A

Immutability

50
Q

Instead of the + symbol, Haskell uses the symbol ANSWER for a string concatenation operator
.

A

++

51
Q

The type of a string constant in Haskell by default is written ANSWER.

A

[Char]

52
Q

In Haskell, you use the keyword ANSWER to collect related code into a similar scope.

A

module

53
Q

In Haskell, if I define a function double x = x + x its type signature would be ANSWER.

A

(Num a ) => a -> a

54
Q

In Haskell, instead of writing something like if x ==0 then 1 else fact (x-1)*x, you can write a series of lines starting with factorial 0 = 1. This second style is called ANSWER.

A

pattern matching

55
Q

In Haskell, instead of writing something like if x==0 then 1 else fact (x-1) x, you can write a series of lines starting with | x > 1 = x factorial (x-a). This second style is called ANSWER.

A

using guards

56
Q

In Haskell, instead of writing something like second x = head(tail(x)), you can write this without introducing the parameter x by using function composition. Doing that, you would define second by ANSWER.

A

second = head . tail

57
Q

In Haskell, if I write (h:t) = [3 , 5 ,7], ANSWER is the value of h.

A

3

58
Q

In Haskell, if I write (h:t) = [3, 5, 7], ANSWER is the value of t.

A

[5,7]

59
Q

In Haskell, ANSWER is the output of zip [17…20] [10 , 8 ….4].

A

[(17,10),(18,8),(19,6), (20,4)]

60
Q

In Haskell, ANSWER is the output of zip [20….17] [10,8…4]

A

[]

Default increment is 1 and zip only goes as far as shortest argument list

61
Q

In Haskell, the anonymous function ANSWER causes the expression ‘map ANSWER [1,2,3]’ to produce [-4, -5, -6].

A

(\x-> - (x+3))

62
Q

In Haskell, if we want to define a local named function inside a function definition, we use the keyword ANSWER.

A

where

63
Q

In Haskell, the type signature of the function sum x y = x + y is ANSWER.

A

(Num a ) => a -> a -> a

64
Q

In Haskell, given the definition sum x y = x + y, ANSWER is the value of that is produced by the expression (sum 3).

A

(\x -> 3 + x)

65
Q

The way Haskell handles functions with more than one parameter is called ANSWER.

A

currying

66
Q

In most languages, a function definition like f a b = a : (f (a + b) b) would result in an infinite recursion. However, in Haskell we can partially evaluate functions like this because Haskell is based on ANSWER.

A

lazy evaluation

67
Q

Although Haskell is a statically typed language, we usually don’t need to write type declarations because Haskell uses ANSWER to handle the matter.

A

type inference

68
Q

In Haskell, we can declare the type of a parameter to a function to be something specific like Num. However, we can also declare the type of a parameter to be something that could include many types like ListLike that supports the functions head and tail. We do this with a definition of ListLike that begins with the keyword ANSWER.

A

class

69
Q

One of the three most significant parts of a monad is called ANSWER, which wraps up a function and puts it in the container.

A

return

70
Q

One of the three most significant parts of a Haskell monad is called ANSWER, which unwraps up a function.

A

> > =

a bind function

71
Q

In Haskell’s do notation for working with monads, assignment uses the ANSWER operator.

A

(left arrow)

72
Q

Since Haskell doesn’t have traditional error handling mechanisms, by convention, people use the ANSWER monad to distinguish a valid return from an error return.

A

Maybe

This is similar to NaN’s usage in IEEE standard floating point arithmetic

73
Q

Haskell, defining lists using a notation like [x*2 | x (left arrow) [3,4,5]] is called using ANSWER.

A

list comprehesions

74
Q

In Haskell, [x*2 | x (left arrow) [3,4,5]] evaluates to ANSWER.

A

[6, 8, 10]

75
Q

In Prolog, the most natural way to express the fact that a lion is a cat is ANSWER.

A

cat(lion)

76
Q

In Prolog, the most natural way to express the query “what animals are cats?” is ANSWER.

A

animal(What), cat(What)

77
Q

In Prolog, the most natural way to express the rule that “I am an ancestor of you if I am a parent of you” is ANSWER.

A

ancestor(I, You) :- parent(I, You)

78
Q

In Prolog, the most natural way to express the rule that “I am an ancestor of you if I am a parent of an ancestor of you” is ANSWER.

A

ancestor(I, You) :- parent(I, Ancestor), ancestor(Ancestor, You)

(Both lines are one answer)

79
Q

In Prolog, the expression hi(X, 4) = hi(3, Y) causes X to have the value ANSWER.

A

3

80
Q

In Prolog, the expression hi(X, 4) = hi(3, Y) causes Y to have the value ANSWER.

A

4

81
Q

In Prolog, the expression hi(X, 4) = hi(3, X) causes X to have the value ANSWER

A

X will not be bound

82
Q

In Prolog, the expression [1, 2, 3] = [X | Y] causes X to have the value ANSWER.

A

1

83
Q

In Prolog, the expression [1, 2, 3] = [X | Y] causes Y to have the value ANSWER.

A

[2, 3]

84
Q

In Prolog, the expression X = [[1,2] | [3,4]] causes X to have the value ANSWER.

A

[[1, 2], 3, 4]

85
Q

In Prolog, the expression X = 1 + 2 causes X to have the value ANSWER.

A

1+2

86
Q

In Prolog, the expression 2 = 1 + X causes X to have the value ANSWER.

A

X remains unbound

87
Q

In Prolog, the expression that would cause an unbound variable X to take on the sum of the values of a bound variable Y and a bound variable Z is ANSWER.

A

X is Y + Z

88
Q

In Erlang, the main approach to concurrency is ANSWER.

A

actors

89
Q

In the Erlang community, ANSWER code refers to replacing pieces of your application without stopping your application.

A

hot-swapping

90
Q

An unusual built-in constant construct in Erlang lets us write «4:3,1:3» to represent the value ANSWER.

A

!

octal 41

decimal 33

hexidecimal 21

91
Q

Many syntax features of Erlang, such as ending statements with a period, reflect the influence of the programming language ANSWER.

A

Prolog

92
Q

In Erlang, you can link two processes together. Then when one dies, it sends ANSWER to its twin.

A

an exit signal

93
Q

The main programming paradigm in Erlang is ANSWER programming.

A

functional

94
Q

In Ruby, you would group methods into a class. In Erlang, you group functions into ANSWER.

A

a module

95
Q

The idea that when a process has an error, it is up to a monitoring process to determine what to do about the problem is referred to by the motto ANSWER in Erlang.

A

Let it crash

96
Q

Unlike most Lisp systems, Clojure doesn’t use its own custom virtual machine. It was originally designed to compile to code that would run on the ANSWER.

A

JVM

Java Virtual Machine

97
Q

The main programming paradigm for Clojure is ANSWER programming.

A

functional

98
Q

The loop and recur constructs are in Clojure to guide ANSWER.

A

tail recursion optimization

tail recursion elimination

99
Q

In Clojure, the value of (repeat 1) is ANSWER.

A

an infinite sequence of 1s

a lazy infinite sequence of 1s

100
Q

In Clojure, (take 3 (iterate (fn [x] (* 2 x)) 2)) produces ANSWER.

A

(4 8 16)

101
Q

The main Clojure approach to concurrency is called ANSWER.

A

Software Transactional Memory

STM

102
Q

In Clojure, ANSWER is a concurrency construct that allows an asynchronous return before computation is complete.

A

a future

103
Q

In Clojure, you cannot change a reference outside of ANSWER,

A

a transaction

104
Q

Three concepts related to concurrency were discussed with regards to the language Io. ANSWER was presented as a way to manage two execution streams that pass control back and forth between themselves.

A

coroutines

105
Q

Three concepts related to concurrency were discussed with regards to the language Io. ANSWER was presented as a general mechanism for sending a message to an object that would cause that object to respond to the message as a separate process running asynchronously.

A

Actors

106
Q

Three concepts related to concurrency were discussed with regards to the language Io. ANSWER was presented as a way to request that something be computed and then be able to continue computing until the result was needed. If the result was available then things would proceed as expected. If the result was not available, then a wait would be initiated until the result became available.

A

Futures

107
Q

Io is known for taking a ANSWER-based approach to object oriented programming.

A

prototype

108
Q

In Io, the basic method for creating a new object is ANSWER.

A

clone

109
Q

In Io, the type of an object is generally the nearest ancestor that ANSWER.

A

has a name that starts with a capital letter

has a slot for the method type

110
Q

In Io, we create a singleton by redefining the method ANSWER.

A

clone

111
Q

In Ruby, the evaluation of arguments to a message are handled by the object sending the message. In Haskell, the runtime environment decides when and how much to evaluate an argument to a function. In Io, the evaluation of the arguments to a message is made by ANSWER.

A

the receiver of the message

112
Q

In Io, a message has three aspects that can be interrogated by the call method. They are: the sender, the reciever, and ANSWER

A

the argument list

113
Q

Io allows programmers to play with its syntax, doing things like introducing a colon operator and redefining how curly braces are processed. This makes it easy to use Io to create ANSWER.

A

Domain Specific Languages

DSLs

114
Q

As one would expect in an object oriented language, when a message is sent to an object, the first thing the system does is to look for a corresponding method in that object. However, Io lets you change what happens next by redefining the method named ANSWER.

A

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Compsci 3342 (18 decks)

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