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Programming Flashcards

1
Q

Gross floor area (for programming)

A

Measured from the outside face of exterior walls

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2
Q

Gross floor area ( for code)

A

Measured to the inside face of exterior walls

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3
Q

Rentable floor area

A

Excludes elevators/stairs

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4
Q

Usable floor area

A

Excludes elevators, stairs, lobbies, lavatories

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5
Q

Net floor area

A

Excludes elevators, stairs, lobbus, lavatories, corridors

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6
Q

Catchment areas

A

Stormwater runoff- the region from which rainfall flows into a stream, culvert, catch basin, or roof drain

The region from which residents are expected to visit your building

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7
Q

Where is the most effective location for an outdoor noise barrier?

A

As near as possible to the source or the receiver - least effective is halfway between

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8
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A
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9
Q

“Ideal” structural parti for seismic design

A

Inform loading of structural elements (stress connections from non- inform loading - for instance, cantilevers - are weak points in an earthquake)

Low, wide buildings (prevents overturning)

Equal floor heights (means fewer stress connections)

Symmetrical plan shape (minimizes torsion / twisting)

Shear walls or bracing at the perimeter (more efficient at resisting torsion/ twisting than shear walls in the core )

Short spans ( less stress on members and more columns provide redundancy if some are lost in an earthquake)

Minimize openings in floors and roots (more efficient diaphragms)

Exterior shear walls continuously from post to foundation

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10
Q

The problem with re-entrant corners in earthquakes

A

Ré-entrant corners - interior corners

Each portion of the building twists out of phase with the other

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11
Q

Solutions for the re-entrant corner problem in seismic design

A

Separation (expansion joints), strengthening(reinforcing), or stiff wall elements (shear walls)

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12
Q

Irregularly-loaded buildings and seismic failure

A

Soft story problem-tall first story with slender columns and not much lateral bracing- most common and causes the most death and destruction

Weight irregularity - more weight in the top floor

Shear wal doesn’t extend full height of the building

Shear wall not continuous over full height of the building

One story weaker than the others

Jutting building elevations

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13
Q

Irregularly-shaped buildings and seismic failure

A

Irregularly shaped buildings are less efficient, and there fore in need of extra care (bracing, itc)

Torsional irregularity, ré-entrant corners I diaphragm eccentricity(atriums), non-parallel lateral force- resisting system.’ out-of-plane offsets

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14
Q

When the shear wall is overly - perforated with apertures or doesn’t continue uninterrupted all the way from roof to foundation :

A

It fails to bestow the benefit of a shear wall. it I no longer protects the building from failure under a lateral load like an earthquake

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15
Q

Can foundations bear on loam?

A

Yes, loam can support a building: it is a combination of sand, silt and clay.

Gravel, clay, silt, sand are okay - rock (bedrock, limestone, sandstone) is great for supporting foundations of heavy buildings

Organic soil and peat (dark brown a black and easily compressible) are not competent soils.

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16
Q

What is the difference between a phase I and phase II Environmental site assessment (esa)?

A

A phase II ESA is more thorough than a phase I ESA

Phase I- includes site inspection by an environmental professional, a historical records review of the property, and interviews with owners, occupants, neighbors, and local government officials, it a phase I ESA turns up a recognized environmental concern (rec) then the environmental professionals conducting it will recommend a phase II environmental site assessment (esa)

Phase II - 15 invasive, involves sall testing, groundwater sample testing and testing of building materials

ESA is an established standard for a before you- purchase land environmental due diligence, and is used by the buyer and lender to assess risk and protect from future litigation - IF do you an ESA and it’s clear, but later toxins are found, you are protected from liability

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17
Q

Building foundations should rest on__

shallow soils intemperate climates (less than 2 feet deep)
Peat
Sand
Topsail

A

Sand

Peat and topsoil are organic, so they are unstable.in temperate and cold climates, foundations should rest below the frost line, typically more than 2 feet deep, sand may not seem stable, but it is ‘

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18
Q

Can you build on a floodplain?

A

Generally, new or substantially renovated buildings must be built so that your lowest floor sits above base flood elevation (bfe) - can be on piles, crawlspace or on fill - IF you build on a floodplain, the Feds may require you to purchase flood insurance (which can be hard to get)

Most municipalities will allow you to build within the 100 - year floodplain but some disallow the 25-year floodplain

25 year means I in 25 chance it floods this year

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19
Q

What is the building efficiencies ratio of an office building with 100,000 sf, given that 20,000 sf is dedicated to elevators, physical plant equipment, restrooms, hallways, lobby, and the building management office?

A

80%

The leasable space, divided by the total space = the building efficiency ratio

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20
Q

What is net present value?

A

A technique in life - cycle cost analysis - allows you to compare the total cost of the two system chase because the cost of installation plus the operation of each choice is translated into today’s dollars. it accounts for inflation, it accounts for compound interest, and accounts for maintenance cost and now long each chase is expected to last before you need a replacement

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21
Q

ASTME1527

A

Phase I Environmental site assessment

Offer required in commercial real estate before a bank loans money to develop a site, environmental engineers will attempt to determine if there is asbestos, lead paint, contaminated soil, etc.

Phase I is a cursory evaluation, involving a walk-through, interviews with occupants, inspections of adjoining properties and review o government records pertaining to the site

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22
Q

A STM E 1903

A

Phase II Environmental site assessment

A more in-depth analysis often required IF phase I turns up a red flag - soil samples are taken or pipe insulation samples are taken to a lab etc.

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23
Q

Ashrae 55

A

Thermal comfort

Cited in LEED, this establishes ranges for temperature, humidity, airspeed, and thermal radiation as it relates to the clothing and activity of the occupants. It’s easier to achieve low energy use IF you allow the building to get too warm or too cold, so requiring that it meets AShrae 55 keeps the energy modeler honest

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24
Q

Ashrae 62

A

Ventilation and indoor Air quality (iaq)

Also cited in LEED - establishes just how “fresh” air must be, establishes required outside air ventilation rates, etc.

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25
Q

Ashrae 90.1

A

Energy and lighting

Also cited in LEED, this checks greenwashing by owners, architects, and energy consultants- it establishes minimum performance for energy use intensity (EUi) which measures annual kbtus - used per square foot of floor area

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26
Q

Historic preservation and sustainability

A

The Department of Interior (National Park service)

Begin with the least invasive, most cost-effective, weatherization measures, address air tightness before adding insulation, insulate unfinished spaces (attics, basements, crawl spaces) first, then only it the energy model deems it necessary should you remove historic plaster and trim in finished spaces to insulate there . Weather stripping and caulking windows is acceptable, as is installing storm windows. Don’t remove a historic, durable heart pine floor and replace it with bamboo because it seems to be sustainable. Use solar only when other less- intrusive options have been exhausted.

When upgrading heating and coding, use the least invasive strategies first: smart, programmable thermostats and ductless HVAC (systems that use refrigerant or water pipes instead of ducts, don’t put outdoor equipment where it can he seen, - geothermal is good - capture rainwater. Retain roofs character

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27
Q

What do you need to consider when adding a new exterior addition to a historic building?

A

Only do this ‘ IF the current interior space cannot accommodate the new functions. New addition should compliment but be different from the historic building. Make it so it can be removed in the future without destroying the historic building

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28
Q

Standards for preservation

A

1) use the property to maximize the retention of distinctive features
2) retain the historic character
3) recognize the property as a physical record of its time
4) preserve past renovations that have acquired historic significance in their own right
5) repair historic features so that the new material, color, texture, and design match the old
6) preserve archaeological resources in place

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29
Q

How do you repair masonry walls in historic structures?

A

Repair and replace only the deteriorated masonry; don’t replace the whole wall,

Match the brick or stone that was removed

Don’t clean old masonry unless necessary and then only clean it gently - cleaning can damage it

Report mortar joints only with evidence of deterioration, cracks, or loose bricks - match mortar strength - old mortar was lime based and softer (type o) - don’t use high Portland cement, too hard

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30
Q

Detention ponds

A

Hold stormwater for a while, then slowly drains out. - dry between storms, control flooding, require large amounts of space, can breed mosquitoes

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31
Q

Retention ponds

A

Holds stormwater and are always wet. They look like regular ponds, control flooding and promote e higher water quality because the soil below filters out pollutants. Can breed mosquitoes, can be swam in.

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32
Q

Bioswale

A

Vegetated or mulched channels that convey stormwater away slowly enough to allow for water to seep into the soil which removes pollutants before recharging groundwater, more ecologically thoughtful than a detention pond

Bio retention pond - similar but wet

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33
Q

Cisterns

A

Under ground temporary storage container for roof or pavement runoff. No extra space required and no mosquitos - may be constructed of an array of large pipes - most medium plus sized project require on-site stormwater management

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34
Q

Cut and fill

A

Bank measure- earth in its natural state

Loose-measure - earth in transport

Compacted - measure _ loose soil once its compacted

Shrink and swell factor - change in volume of earth, expressed as a percentage, as compared to the volume of earth in its natural “bank” state.

Compacted cubic yards = (100 % - + shrink /swell % )x bank cubic yards

Loose cubic yards = ( 100 % + swell% )x bank cubic yards

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35
Q

Solar geometry

A

If you want year round PV use, set your roof angle to match the latitude

If you want to optimize for summer-subtract 15 from latitude

If you want t o optimize for summer add 15 to latitude

Total solar shift from latitude is 23.5, so + - 15 in either direction

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36
Q

Which is a better choice for a rural site with a geothermal heat pump, trenches or wells?

A

Horizontal trenches - when you have land, this is the best option ( 3’ underground ) vs 100’s of feet underground for vertical wells

Geothermal heat pump uses ground to heat or cool the water to condition the house - summer ground is coder than air - winter ground is warmer than air (closed loop systems)

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37
Q

Zoning requirements

A

Always follow the most restrictive rules

Things zoning can impact:
Building heights
FAR
Set-back distances
Parking space numbers
What occupancy or program is allowed (and adjacencies)
How you handle water runoff
Building sign restrictions

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38
Q

What are form- based codes?

A

Local zoning codes that shift from traditional regulating building use to an emphasis on regulating urban form. May include mandates for street trees, sidewalks, front porches, back alleys, and public spaces may have you hide dumpsters, parking lots - may dictate materiality

Meant to encourage walkability (New urbanism movement)

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39
Q

Covenant vs easement

A

Both are contractual obligations that stick to the deed of the land regardless of owner transferneither . Is mandated by municipality, but is agreed upon by interested parties

Easements - give someone else access/the right to your property - could be shared driveway, utilities etc.,

Covenants - restrict what future owners can do on the property - planned communities have hundreds of covenants like fence heights, materiality etc. - generally “negative” / restrictive

Conservation easement _ combines the two

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40
Q

What is the authority having jurisdiction (ahj) ?

A

The entity responsible for enforcing code - they usually are important For life safety (fire) code - will provide inspections

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41
Q

Single loaded corridors vs double loaded corridors

A

Single-loaded - offer opportunity for daylight in circulation areas and can allow cross-ventilation

Double-loaded - allow for larger floor plates and more efficiency

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42
Q

Horizontal vs vertical louvers

A

Design horizontal for south facing apertures where the sun is high in the sky

Design vertical lowers for east-and-west facing apertures where the sun may be low at sunrise or sunset

North doesn’t need lowers

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43
Q

Overhangs vs Louvers

A

Louvers are less impactful on the architecture and structure

Lots of small pieces vs a large jutting piece

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44
Q

What do we use climate zones for?

A

Energy and thermal comfort rules of-thumb

Insulation, low-e windows, vapor barriers, trombone walls, heat pump, heating load

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45
Q

Should the open lake/ field I clearing be on the north or south side of your building?

A

Depends on the climate -

cold climates want less shade and more sun - north side of clearing

Hot climates want more shade and less sun - south side of clearing (shade from trees)

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46
Q

How should you locate and orient your buildings relative to wind on the site?

A

Cold-block wind ‘so shelter in the “wind shadow” of other obstructions like other buildings, trees or walls - use unseated rooms like garages to buffer you from the wind

Hot-humid - be free of any wind shadow - orient long axis perpendicular to wind to provide access for breezes and cross ventilation

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47
Q

Where do you locate your building on a hill?

A

Hot - arid- bottom/in valley

Cold climate - bottom of hill

Temperate climate - mid Hill

Warm-humid- top of hill (windiest)

Cold air pools in the valley _ top of hill is windier

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48
Q

What climate benefits from air movement (breezes )? What climate benefits from evaporation?

A

Buildings in hot-humid climates benefit from breezes, but hot-arid climates do not

Buildings in hot-arid climates benefit from evaporation (evaporative cooling tower, swamp cooler, water features, spraying water ) but buildings in hot-humid climates do not

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49
Q

Express this slope

25’ up, 100’ over

A

Fraction _ 1/4

Ratio - 1:4

Percentage - 25% - if slope is steeper than 45°, the slope is more than 100 %

Angle - 14° ( use SOH CAH TOA )

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50
Q

Balancing ADA and historical relevance

A

1 review historical significance in National registry for historic places - use this to prioritize character- defining features and spaces to protect from change

2 - assess existing (. and required) level of accessibility. Look for inaccessible entrances, floor textures, walkway widths, elevators, toilets, doors, and grade charges

3- “provide the greatest amount of accessibility without threatening or destroying the materials and features that make the property significant”

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51
Q

In a historic preservation setting, list the most important accessibility requirements

A

1 - main public entrance and primary public spaces access ability
2- restroom accessibility
3 - secondary space accessibility

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52
Q

How do you resolve a conflict between historical preservation and the outdoor building site ( because cobblestone paths are hard for wheelchairs?)

A

Provide short distances between arrival and destination point’s

Provide convenient parking

Paths that are at least 3’ wide with slopes less than 1:20

Stable, firm, slip-resistant outdoor surfaces (this may require resetting the paving surfaces)

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53
Q

Accessible ramps at entrances to historic buildings

A

Focus on materials - don’t make it cheap and have it blend in - provide wheelchair lifts and stair lifts - easy to remove in the future (important)

Make new main entrance it no other options

Make sure 32” clear at doors ( 36” doors) - install automatic door openers and new hinges

Add bevel to each side of threshold if its historically significant

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54
Q

Accessibility and historic interiors

A

. Door knobs - need levers - doors can be propped open it door knobs are to remain

Restrooms with historic fixtures or marble partitions pose conflict-relocate partition for larger stalls - add grab-bars, shift fixture height, protect under sink pipe s- create new unisex restroom IF preservation supersedes

New addition can provide entrance, restrooms, elevator etc it it looks appropriate and can be removed in the future

55
Q

Preservation

A

Mountains and repairs historic existing materials

56
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Alters or adds to meet today’s needs

57
Q

Restoration

A

Depicts a property at a particular period of time, removing evidence of other periods

58
Q

Reconstruction

A

Recreates non-surviving portions of a property

59
Q

Steepest slope for planted areas

A

2:1 (50% slope)

Run: rise in architecture

Rarely anything steeper than 45%

3:1 =33%

60
Q

Steepest slope for parking lots

A

5% maximum (1% minimum for runoff)

61
Q

Road hierarchy

A

From smallest to largest

Local - collector - arterial - expressway

62
Q

What is a rough order of magnitude (ROM) cost estimate?

A

An early stage very approximate cost estimate focused on feasibility that can be considered accurate to something +-50 %

63
Q

Common development patterns

A

Grid/rectangular I chessboard _ like midtown New York

Radial /star - major roads fan out from a central point-like Washington DC

Radial -Ring - concentric circles of bypass roads established to divert traffic around the dense center each time the city grows in girth, like Houston on Dallas

Contour-forming - in steep terrain, roads follow lines of elevation, like rural mountain roads

Irregular / field - roads every which way, most associated with organic (not centrally- planned) city growth, like Boston

Satellite - smaller cities linked to a central megacity, like shanghai

Most development happens as a mixture of these

64
Q

What happens IF you have a high water table on your site?

A

Foundation footings and basement slabs should sit above the water table (soil depth where wet all year)

We may need to use a shallow footing (below frost line) or mound up the earth below the building

Or for large buildings- use piles, piling, piers, or caissons which can be drilled or driven below the water table

65
Q

Can you build in a riparian zone?

A

Not usually, but it depends on local zoning and if the bank will loan your client money to build where it will likely flood

Riparian zones - the buffer areas adjacent to a water body. They are sometimes wet (after a rain or at high tide ) and sometimes dry; often heavily vegetated;and important for flood and erosion control, wildlife habitat, and water quality. They are especially important in dry climates where the stream banks are the only places with enough water to support trees,and heavy rains pose a considerable erosion/mudslide threat without the vegetation to shore up the banks

66
Q

What are catch basins?

A

The box below an outdoor drain (what leads usually to storm sewer)

67
Q

You are stumped on a question in PA - what design phase do you pick?

A

Schematic design - always pick the descent phase that correlates with the division you are taking

PA = schematic design

PPD = Design development

Pdd= construction documents

CE = construction administration

68
Q

What is the minimum slope for swales to prevent standing water?

A

1% - 1/100 minimum slope to prevent standing water
2% - maximum cross slope for ADA walkways (1 / 48)
5% - maximum slope before accessible ramps are required (1/20)

69
Q

Required land slopes

A

1:100 - 1%- 0.5° - min to provide stormwater runoff / min of parking lot

1:48 - 2% - 1° - max ADA cross- slope

1:20 - 5% - 3° - max before ADA ramp is required / max of parking lot

1:12 - 8% - 5° - max ADA ramp slope ( not including 5’ landings at top and bottom of every max 30’ long segment )

1:10 - 10% - 6° - max before step footing required

1:4 - 25% - 14° - max for driveway

1:1 - 100 % - 45° - max for a green roof

Very steep site - post-and- beam / pole foundation required

70
Q

What do you do IF your land is too flat to drain?

A

Create low points and install storm drains (into catch busins) - prevents flooding, damage, mosquitoes, pooling

Use curbs IF slope is too great to direct water

71
Q

What is universal design?

A

The theoretical framework behind ADA - the idea that buildings should be able to be used by all people, regardless of disability, age, or size - accessibility is not a design constraint for the benefit of a small minority, but rather universal design is good design.

72
Q

What causes light pollution?

A

Uplights, unshielded light without cut-offs (blinders), well Iit light colored ground surfaces that reflect downward facing light back up to the nightsky

73
Q

From a programming point of view, what makes a building more efficient?

A

Mass in relation to climate, daylight availability. (Electric lighting isn’t needed) summertime shading, central mechanical systems are more efficient than in-room systems (one fan and compressor for multiple zones ), sharing heat from core to perimeter (variable refrigerant systems ), on-demand hot water heating (so hot water isn’t being stored), radiant hydronic heating and cooling systems, small openings in cold and hot - arid climates, large openings in hot-humid climates and southern glass and thermal mass (cold sunny climates)

74
Q

Venturi effect

A

Wind flows last through breezeways and narrow openings. This relationship, between the speed of a fluid (like air ) and its pressure, is also called the Bernoulli principle

75
Q

What is the most efficient parking lot layout?

A

One-way traffic angled parking offers the most parking spaces on a given site because of the narrower aisles (narrow one-way aisles don’t really work in. 90° stalls because there isn’t enough room to turn)

But sometimes 90° is more efficient

Exam answer- 75° angled parking, one-way aisles

Handicap parking - easy access to the building, connected by an accessible route, percentage of accessible is in 1106.1 in IBC

Minimum drainage 1% asphalt, 0.5% concrete

Best location - shallow - sloped topography near the building

Spaces-check zoning ordinance

76
Q

Address erosion on steep slopes

A

Install perforated pipes, or catch basins and draws to redirect the water down the hill to daylight

77
Q

How many accessible entrances are required?

A

50% of public entrances must be accessible

78
Q

Card 9 9

A
79
Q

Where on the site do you locate the building?

A

Not where the water table IS high

80
Q

When do we compact the soil?

A

When construction activities disturb the soil

When the full is used as fill

Beneath footings, slabs, basement floors, driveways, sidewalks

81
Q

How far apart are boring holes drilled on a site?

A

At a min- at corners of site and one in the middle

82
Q

What is “historical cost” ?

A

The same as what you paid when you bought it

83
Q

What is the “unit- in-place” method to valuation?

A

Worth what it would cost to replace it (new) IF it disappeared tomorrow

84
Q

What is , sales comparison ( market approach) to valuing a property?

A

Worth what similar buildings sold for recently- similar location, style, size

85
Q

Income approach to valuation (also called income capitalization or residual income method)

A

Includes the anticipation of future benefits (future rents as income)

86
Q

Mechanically stabilized earth

A

Geomesh interlayered with earth to create strength

87
Q

Early-stage cost estimating technique

A

Rough order of magnitude cost estimate (might be off by as much us 200 %)

“Napkin estimate” before design to determine feasibility - used in pre-design and programming

88
Q

Contaminate soil remediation - when to use soil solidification / stabilization ?

A

To address inorganic and radioactive pollutants like toxic heavy metals, pesticides, and fertilizers. Mixes a soil binder with on-site dirt to make the soil more solid and stable

89
Q

Polluted soil remediation: when do we use soil washing / soil flushing?

A

When the soil is contaminated by inorganic materials (toxic metals)

Soil flushing - inject water into the soil - includes additives that help with contaminant solubility - then flushed out of the soil down - to the ground water and the ground water is extracted and treated at the surface

Soil washing - excavate soil and Wash off contaminants and then return the soil to the hole

90
Q

Soil remediation: when do we use soil vapor extraction?

A

Soils contaminated by fuels and underground vocs (but not useful for much else)

Wells dug into the soil pull contaminated vapor out with vacuum suction where it is filtered with activated carbon at the surface

91
Q

Contaminated soils: when do we use bioremediation?:

A

Can be used for vOcs, fuels, inorganic (toxic metals), und explosives

We inject helpful microbes into the soil that “eat” the contaminant, rendering it less harmful or inert altogether

92
Q

Which remediation options can’t pull contaminants from below the water table?

A

Vapor extraction

93
Q

What does a vertical crack in a concrete foundation mean? A diagonal crack? A horizontal crack?

A

Vertical crack - not typically serious - caused by shrinkage as the concrete cures. May be, several hairline cracks - may have to be sealed to prevent leaks

Diagonal cracks _ often a problem. Caused by differential settlement

Horizontal crack - big problem, caused by shear failure. What is shear failure? The foundation wall is no longer supported the foundation is no longer sitting on the footing)

Stair step crack in masonry: same as diagonal crack-caused by differential settlement

94
Q

Soil treatments to remediate a brownfield

A

Soil rinsing
Soil washing
Vapor extraction
Solidification/stabilization
Bioremediation
Incineration - controlled burning of contaminated soil or solids to make them safe (on or off site)
Solvent extraction: like soil washing but solvents used with water
Dechlorination - chemical treatment used to remove chlorine atoms and detoxify chemicals in the soil
Photo remediation - vegetation planted to patiently absorb contaminants (takes time)
Air sparging- air injected into soil the to and the vapor extraction process
Passive treatment wells -groundwater is contaminated - intentionally insert barrier to aquifer to purify

95
Q

When does a project trigger an ADA compliance requirement?

A

New buildings IF they are public or are commercial spaces that need to be accessible
renovated existing non-compliant IF a primary function is part of the alteration, if making the room accessible will exceed 20%. Of the total alterations, considered, disproportionate, and accessibility related spending is capped at 20% provided the alterations are prioritized

96
Q

In which project are space efficiency most important?
In which projects are energy efficiency most important?

A

Buildings built to be rented require space efficiency - more rentable space = more profit

Owners planning to occupy a building themselves look for more energy efficiency

97
Q

What is required for crime prevention through environmental design (cpted)?

A

Design so activities in public spaces are easily observed by others (see-thru fences)
Involve the community
Effective lighting
Traffic-calming measures to reduce the fun of joyriding
Anticipated escape routes
Locate evidence of formal and informal surveillance

98
Q

Defensible space design has 3 tenets: territory, access, and surveillance. What do they mean?

A

Territory: define the boundaries of public and private space - the idea IS that if your front yard is clearly demarcated , criminals won’t hang out on the sidewalk next to it

Access-narrow streets with s-curves, one way streets, and turn restrictions - also security fencing and gates “ target hardening”

Surveillance - windows, doors, and porches facing the street ( W/ lighting and cameras)

99
Q

What do retailers want from a site?

A

Traffic, access, visual cues that ample parking is near the front door

100
Q

Design charettes

A

Held in pre-design/ programming - bring stakeholders In to flush out final program requirements

101
Q

What is adaptive use?

A

Rehabilitation _ ex. Turning an dd train station into a market

102
Q

Best answers soil remediation

A

On-site (cheaper)
Vapor extraction - above water table only
Bioremediation
Soil washing

103
Q

Now many square feet in an acre?

A

43,560

45,560 = 66 X 660

7-11 rule
4 + 3 =7 ) 5 + 6 =11

104
Q

What is “loamy soil “

A

Approximately equal parts sand, tile and clay - plants do well because it holds moisture, drains well, and allows air to reach roots

105
Q

From fastest to slowest- soil remediation

A

Offsite soil washing (not cost effective)
Capped site - when we won’t be penetrating site (difficult todo) but could be a parking lot
Onsite soil washing - fastest for large sites - expensive and only addresses certain types of contaminants in certain soil types
Bioremediation - takes longer but is cheaper
Vapor extraction - same time as bioremediation - less expensive
phytoremediation - plants - takes years

106
Q

Soil liquefaction

A

Like quick sand

Can happen in earthquakes

Otherwise happens in water saturated, lose, sandy soil

107
Q

When are walkability and public transportation not the right answer?

A

When designing a gas station adjacent to an interstate in a rural area

When in doubt-assume we live in a world with street trees, fewer parking lots, more sidewalks, more eyes on the street, less air pollution ‘less vehicular traffic, more bikes etc.

Shopping centers access and visibility

108
Q

Can you build a parking lot below base flood elevation?

A

Yes - just don’t build buildings or underground parking garages

109
Q

Where do I locate the well relative to the livestock yard, septic tank, and buried fuel tank to avoid contaminating my drinking water?

A

On the hill above them

110
Q

A boring report suggests that the soil has very high plasticity- should you build there?

A

No - high plasticity means lots of clay and day swells when it gets wet, heaving the foundation

111
Q

Why would you want to officially designate your building a historic landmark?

A

Access to grants, tax incentives, assistance with preservation, boost tourism, protect something you think is ethically worth protecting

112
Q

In what kind of soil is a benched excavation appropriate?

A

Cohesive soil (lots - of clay to keep it in place)

113
Q

Bentonite vs EPDM

A

Bentonite clay - comes in medium-sized sheets that swell when they get wet - they are self healing. They deteriorate when exposed to UV

EPDM membrane - often associated with roofs - UV resistant foundation membranes that come in rolls of sheet - they are not self healing, requiring careful treatment at the seams but are fully- adhered to the concrete ‘better leak protection - higher cost

114
Q

Bashed vs solid lines on topo:

A

Dashed - delineate existing conditions (sometimes intermediate topo, utilities, boundaries)

Sold-delineates proposed condition

115
Q

Easements

A

Don’t build a structure on them-may get destroyed

Show on Alta survey

116
Q

Gross-up factor

4000 sf usable
5000 sf rentable
6000 sf gross

A

Rentable / usable
5000 / 4000 = 1.25

The tenant pays for 25% of the common area

117
Q

Neighborhood conservation overlay (nco) district

A

A zoning layer on top of the base zoning map that protects some unique feature of a residential neighborhood like “pastel colors on all front doors” - neighborhood works with the city, creates its own neighborhood conservation overlay rules, and once adopted, the city helps property owners adhere to those rules

118
Q

Can an owner purchasing a property use a 5 year old ESA phase I from the previous owner?

A

No they have to get their own

Should do phase I even IF you think you’L need phase II - liability protection - phase I acts as a record of previous owner/ conditions

119
Q

Active floodplain

A

The river might flood to that level in this. year’s heaviest rainfall event, and and one would be surprised - don’t build here

120
Q

Regulatory floodplain

A

We have to build above this level. 1in100 chance I’ll flood In next 12 months (hundred-year floodplain)

121
Q

Geologic floodplain

A

In some past event, it flooded to this level - no longer worry because It’s a 1 in 100,000 chance

122
Q

List the strategies for handling a brownfield site in general order of increasing cost and decreasing liability

A

1) do nothing
2) administrative or institutional controls
3) engineering controls
4) on-site remedial action
5) off-site disposal or treatment

123
Q

Demising wall vs. Party wall

A

Same - separate 2 different tenants (must be fire-rated typically) - STC 50 min per IBC

124
Q

Mechanical equipment in a flood zone

A

Must be above flood elevation

125
Q

Assignable area

A

Like net area-just offices used and nothing else -no lobbies, elevators, shared corridors, private corridors

126
Q

You are designing a multi-family housing project, what document or ruIe tells you how many accessible units you need to have?

A

The fair housing act

127
Q

An architect is designing an un- air conditioned building in a not-humid climate and would like to minimize energy use what should be prioritized?

A

Large operable windows, shade, sprawling building form

128
Q

Hot-humid climate

A

Use large openings for breezes, long east-west dimension, orientation to breezes, tall ceilings, ceiling fans, sprawling building form, the top of a hill and south of a pond - vapor control layer on outside (warm side) of insulation. Very long and thin in plan in the east- west dimension (one room wide promotes breezes).

129
Q

Hot - arid climate

A

Use thermal mass, shade, small windows, thick walls, water features, courtyards, low-e windows the bottom of a valley and the south of a pond are the best locations to build fairly compact in plan, but a but longer in the east-west dimension

130
Q

Temperate climate

A

Use long east-west dimension, insulation, south-facing windows, buffers for winter winds, minimize north face of the building and maximize south face of the building , 3/4 of the way up the hill is best. Somewhat long and then in the east-west dimension

131
Q

Cold climate

A

Compact building form to minimize heat loss (a little longer in east- west dimension) ‘ insulation, low-e value windows, air-tightness, plant evergreen trees on the windy side as buffer, 1/4 of the way up a hill and the north side of a pond are the best sites - Vapor control layer on the inside (warm side) of the insulation. Compact form, but slightly longer in the e-w dimension

132
Q

Single unit rate (sur) estimating

A

Used for early cost estimates during programming or pre-design. Take a single punt (square footage) and use only that to come up with a $ amount.

133
Q

Capping a site

A

A parking lot on a capped site will require more maintenance than a normal parking lot

Capped sites may use covenants to keep future land owners from disturbing the caps

Capping can also be done with impervious Geotextiles, asphalt, clay, concrete

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