Programming Flashcards
Gross floor area (for programming)
Measured from the outside face of exterior walls
Gross floor area ( for code)
Measured to the inside face of exterior walls
Rentable floor area
Excludes elevators/stairs
Usable floor area
Excludes elevators, stairs, lobbies, lavatories
Net floor area
Excludes elevators, stairs, lobbus, lavatories, corridors
Catchment areas
Stormwater runoff- the region from which rainfall flows into a stream, culvert, catch basin, or roof drain
The region from which residents are expected to visit your building
Where is the most effective location for an outdoor noise barrier?
As near as possible to the source or the receiver - least effective is halfway between
What is a population pyramid?
“Ideal” structural parti for seismic design
Inform loading of structural elements (stress connections from non- inform loading - for instance, cantilevers - are weak points in an earthquake)
Low, wide buildings (prevents overturning)
Equal floor heights (means fewer stress connections)
Symmetrical plan shape (minimizes torsion / twisting)
Shear walls or bracing at the perimeter (more efficient at resisting torsion/ twisting than shear walls in the core )
Short spans ( less stress on members and more columns provide redundancy if some are lost in an earthquake)
Minimize openings in floors and roots (more efficient diaphragms)
Exterior shear walls continuously from post to foundation
The problem with re-entrant corners in earthquakes
Ré-entrant corners - interior corners
Each portion of the building twists out of phase with the other
Solutions for the re-entrant corner problem in seismic design
Separation (expansion joints), strengthening(reinforcing), or stiff wall elements (shear walls)
Irregularly-loaded buildings and seismic failure
Soft story problem-tall first story with slender columns and not much lateral bracing- most common and causes the most death and destruction
Weight irregularity - more weight in the top floor
Shear wal doesn’t extend full height of the building
Shear wall not continuous over full height of the building
One story weaker than the others
Jutting building elevations
Irregularly-shaped buildings and seismic failure
Irregularly shaped buildings are less efficient, and there fore in need of extra care (bracing, itc)
Torsional irregularity, ré-entrant corners I diaphragm eccentricity(atriums), non-parallel lateral force- resisting system.’ out-of-plane offsets
When the shear wall is overly - perforated with apertures or doesn’t continue uninterrupted all the way from roof to foundation :
It fails to bestow the benefit of a shear wall. it I no longer protects the building from failure under a lateral load like an earthquake
Can foundations bear on loam?
Yes, loam can support a building: it is a combination of sand, silt and clay.
Gravel, clay, silt, sand are okay - rock (bedrock, limestone, sandstone) is great for supporting foundations of heavy buildings
Organic soil and peat (dark brown a black and easily compressible) are not competent soils.
What is the difference between a phase I and phase II Environmental site assessment (esa)?
A phase II ESA is more thorough than a phase I ESA
Phase I- includes site inspection by an environmental professional, a historical records review of the property, and interviews with owners, occupants, neighbors, and local government officials, it a phase I ESA turns up a recognized environmental concern (rec) then the environmental professionals conducting it will recommend a phase II environmental site assessment (esa)
Phase II - 15 invasive, involves sall testing, groundwater sample testing and testing of building materials
ESA is an established standard for a before you- purchase land environmental due diligence, and is used by the buyer and lender to assess risk and protect from future litigation - IF do you an ESA and it’s clear, but later toxins are found, you are protected from liability
Building foundations should rest on__
shallow soils intemperate climates (less than 2 feet deep)
Peat
Sand
Topsail
Sand
Peat and topsoil are organic, so they are unstable.in temperate and cold climates, foundations should rest below the frost line, typically more than 2 feet deep, sand may not seem stable, but it is ‘
Can you build on a floodplain?
Generally, new or substantially renovated buildings must be built so that your lowest floor sits above base flood elevation (bfe) - can be on piles, crawlspace or on fill - IF you build on a floodplain, the Feds may require you to purchase flood insurance (which can be hard to get)
Most municipalities will allow you to build within the 100 - year floodplain but some disallow the 25-year floodplain
25 year means I in 25 chance it floods this year
What is the building efficiencies ratio of an office building with 100,000 sf, given that 20,000 sf is dedicated to elevators, physical plant equipment, restrooms, hallways, lobby, and the building management office?
80%
The leasable space, divided by the total space = the building efficiency ratio
What is net present value?
A technique in life - cycle cost analysis - allows you to compare the total cost of the two system chase because the cost of installation plus the operation of each choice is translated into today’s dollars. it accounts for inflation, it accounts for compound interest, and accounts for maintenance cost and now long each chase is expected to last before you need a replacement
ASTME1527
Phase I Environmental site assessment
Offer required in commercial real estate before a bank loans money to develop a site, environmental engineers will attempt to determine if there is asbestos, lead paint, contaminated soil, etc.
Phase I is a cursory evaluation, involving a walk-through, interviews with occupants, inspections of adjoining properties and review o government records pertaining to the site
A STM E 1903
Phase II Environmental site assessment
A more in-depth analysis often required IF phase I turns up a red flag - soil samples are taken or pipe insulation samples are taken to a lab etc.
Ashrae 55
Thermal comfort
Cited in LEED, this establishes ranges for temperature, humidity, airspeed, and thermal radiation as it relates to the clothing and activity of the occupants. It’s easier to achieve low energy use IF you allow the building to get too warm or too cold, so requiring that it meets AShrae 55 keeps the energy modeler honest
Ashrae 62
Ventilation and indoor Air quality (iaq)
Also cited in LEED - establishes just how “fresh” air must be, establishes required outside air ventilation rates, etc.