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Construction Flashcards

1
Q

In low sloped roofs, drains should be placed-?

A

At midspan between structural supports (natural weak point that could cause ponding)
290 slope 1/4” / 12”

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2
Q

Intensive green roof

A

Soil directly on roof- usually want a flatter roof

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3
Q

Extensive green roof

A

Trays of plants that sit on a roof

45 degrees max for green roofs

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4
Q

Blue roofs

A

Intentional holding water on roof for slower release

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5
Q

Steep roof

A

2” per foot or greater is a steep roof - sheds water quickly - overlap small units to shed water ( shingles)

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6
Q

Low slope roof

A

Slower drainage, higher likelihood of ponding. Membranes -for larger buildings

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7
Q

Bituminous roofing

A

Asphalt based

Mod bit
Multiple layers of overlapping felt (built up)
Oldest type “

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8
Q

Single ply roofing

A

Plastic membrane

EPDM

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9
Q

Fluid- applied roofing

A

Sprayed membrane

Best for difficult geometry

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10
Q

Pitch pan

A

Often leaks
Metal hole around a penetration, filled with sealant, supposed to shed water away

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11
Q

Albedo

A

Solar reflectance

High albedo = high reflectance (light colors)
Min 0.65 to spec

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12
Q

Emissivity

A

Infrared ; shedding heat - higher is better

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13
Q

Sapwood

A

Carries nutrients to branches and leaves (sugar and water)

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14
Q

Heart wood

A

Dead but contributes structurally _ hard wood part

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15
Q

Rot resistant wood

A

Redwood, Cyprus, cedar, heartwood

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16
Q

Cambium

A

Produces new bark and cells, under dead bark

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17
Q

Pith

A

Center of tree

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18
Q

Summerwood

A

Grows slower, more strength, darker rings

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19
Q

Springwood

A

Grows faster, less strength, lighter rings

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20
Q

Wood trim is made from?

A

Softwood

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21
Q

Hardwood

A

Fine woodworking - deciduous broadleaf trees, encapsulated seeds like acorns

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22
Q

Softwood

A

Structural, coarser, uglier gram, pine trees - non encapsulated seeds

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23
Q

Deciduous trees

A

Hickory, maple, birch, beech, oak, ash, Black cherry, Black walnut, butternut, aspen, basswood, balsa

All hardwoods

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24
Q

Coniferous trees

A

Spruce, white pine, yellow pine, larch, Red cedar, hemlock, redwood, Douglas fir

Softwoods

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25
Q

Modulus of elasticity

A

Measure of stiffness- means its a stronger species

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26
Q

Plainsawn wood

A

Cheaper- cuts are all made parallel to grain, more likely to warp, minimal waste, no need to reorient tree

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27
Q

Quartersawn wood

A

Wears better, stronger, harder, more expensive, some waste, more labor - cut in 1/4 then saw toward center

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28
Q

MC (wood)

A

Mc= moisture content ( (wet - dry ) / dry), x 100%
MC 15=15 % moisture, high structural quality
Mc 19=19% moisture

Dry wont warp

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29
Q

Green lumber

A

Not dried, dimensions will change

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30
Q

Wood check

A

Where the tree cracks as it dries

Like straws - fibers are long/lengthwise

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31
Q

Wanes

A

Irregular edges from sawing too close to perimeter of log

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32
Q

Wood strength

A

Compression is strongest
Bending less
shear least

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33
Q

Wood grades

A

A is structural - headers etc
A-low - blocking
Studs

Graded at strength and look

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34
Q

Flitch

A

Log used for veneer

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35
Q

Plain sliced veneer

A

Nicer looking, smaller pieces, like plain sawn

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36
Q

Quarter sliced veneer

A

Used for fine wood working, parallel grain, cut like quarter sawn

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37
Q

Rotary sliced veneer

A

Unroll like toilet paper - least expensive, can be used for plywood

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38
Q

Most likely to be used for wood decking and outdoor railing

A

Wood plastic composites (wpc)

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39
Q

Made from overlapping dimension lumber pieces adhered together

A

Glue laminated wood (glulam)

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40
Q

Made into large panels for floor, roof, walls

A

Cross-laminated timber (clt)

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41
Q

Web typically made from OSB

A

Wood i-joists (stc)

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42
Q

Strongest wood type

A

Parallel strand lumber (psl)

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43
Q

Least strong wood type

A

Laminated strand lumber (lsl)
Oriented strand lumber (osl)

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44
Q

Least expensive wood type

A

Laminated strand lumber (lsl)
Oriented strand lumber (osl)

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45
Q

more flexible than solid wood (needs closer - spaced supports)

A

Wood-plastic composites (wpc)

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46
Q

GIulam

A

Joining smaller strips together, stronger , can make longer, treated for outdoor

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47
Q

Cross-laminated timber (clt)

A

Alternating lumber at 90°, can make really strong big panels
Can cut any kind of large holes because of 2 way structure

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48
Q

Laminated strand lumber (lsl)

A

Not super strong, inexpensive, used for rim board, short span header - shredded wood strands glued together and compressed

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49
Q

Parallel strand lumber (psl)

A

Stronger, heavier, relatively expensive

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50
Q

Wood i-joists

A

Longer and stronger, use dimension lumber and OSB as web

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51
Q

Laminated veneer lumber

A

Layers of veneer until its as strong and thick as we need

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52
Q

Wood plastic composite

A

Less likely to shrink or warp more weather resistant, more flexible, shorter spans between beams required, stains easily

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53
Q

Board feet

A

Calculate cubic footage - quantifies amount of wood

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54
Q

Plywoods

A

Odd number of layers- front and back same grain - 4x8 sheets

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55
Q

Fiberboard

A

Smallest wood fibers glued together with resin - interiors only, dimensionally stable, stiffer, and can handle fasteners without splitting
Mdf-medium density fiber board

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56
Q

Oriented strand board (osb)

A

Long strands of wood compressed and glued _ similar to plywood, brittle, can have resin coating for ext. Use.

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57
Q

Particle board

A

Smaller fibers than OSB - typically used under wood veneer or plastic laminate, not strong, not good wi moisture

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58
Q

32/16 rating wood

A

16” spacing for floor, 32” for rafters

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59
Q

Exterior wood rated

A

Better for exterior than exposure -1

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60
Q

Hardboard

A

High density fiberboard - can be used as exterior sheathing - Masonite

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61
Q

Insulating fiberboard sheathing

A

Law density fiberboard, can be used as ext. Sheathing typically coated in asphalt (water resistance) ) non-structural, has an r-value ( air pockets)

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62
Q

Hardwood plywood

A

Nicer looking - used for finewoodworking

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63
Q

Agrifiber panels

A

Agricultural waste products - wheat board, strawboard, riceboard- can be thick and structural

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64
Q

FSC

A

Forest stewardship council
Certifies wood that is grown using renewable practices

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65
Q

When is treated wood required?

A

Wood joists less than 18” above grade
Wood beams/girders are less than 12” above grade
Plates, sills sleepers are in direct contact with masonry or concrete that is in direct contact with earth
Wood framing members or sheathing are less than 8” from solo

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66
Q

Naturally decay resistant wood

A

Heartwood only

Black locust, Red mulberry, Osage orange, pacific yew

Slightly less - cypress, catalpa, cedar, chest nut, white oak, redwood, Blackwood

No decay under freshwater (saltwater is different)

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67
Q

Termite resistant naturally

A

Heartwood only
Eastern red cedar and redwood

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68
Q

Flathead nails

A

Common, sinker, box, roofing

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69
Q

Nails with tiny heads

A

Brad, finish, casing
Sink into wood, seal and paint

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70
Q

Nail gauge

A

Penny (d)

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71
Q

Nail connections

A

Face nail - strongest
Toe nail - angled, next
End nail - weakest

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72
Q

Nails are steel

A

Bright nails - no weather resistance
Hot-dipped galvanized - weather resistant

73
Q

Word fasteners

A

Rafter anchor, just hanger, Beam hanger, Post base / post cap, gang nails

74
Q

Platform framing

A

’ Frame per level

75
Q

Balloon framing

A

Tilt up /bypass floor - requires fire stopping

76
Q

Wood corner framing

A

Overlap double top plates - ties walls together

77
Q

Rimboard (Band jost)

A

Sits on top of header , below next floor - seals all just

78
Q

Mild steel

A

Most steel members - i-beams, rebar, etc. - hot -rolled

79
Q

Cold-rolled steel

A

(Formed) - stronger, cables, metal studs - extra strength and extra thin

80
Q

Cast iron

A

Lots of carbon, strong, brittle

81
Q

Wrought iron

A

Less carbon, weaker, malleable

82
Q

Girder

A

A larger beam that supports smaller beams (perimeter)

83
Q

How deep should a steel beam spanning 60’ be?

A

1/20 *60 ft = 3ft

Beam depth is 1/20 the span

84
Q

Beam depth

A

1/20 the span -depth

85
Q

Girder depth

A

1/15 the span

86
Q

Steel decking depth

A

1/40 the span
Decking and concrete: 1/24

87
Q

Open web depth

A

1/20 the span

88
Q

Stainless steel

A

Resistant to weathering - add nickel and chromium

89
Q

Tempered steel

A

For greater strength or elasticity - hammers, springs etc

90
Q

Castellated Beam

A

Use a wide flange, cut, lift, left, creates openings and extends length and strength

91
Q

W12x45

A

12= nominal depth (inches)
45 = lbs/ft

92
Q

Plate girder

A

Take a steel plate and customize or taper for the loads - match shape of beam to required forces

93
Q

Bar lasts

A

Span between supports

94
Q

Open web steel joist types

A

LH - long span - 96’
DLH - deep long span - 150’
K-most common/spans to 60’

95
Q

Shear connection

A

Web is bolted, flanges not engaged Or vice verse

Bend is ok-lateral forces are not good
“Pin connection”

96
Q

Moment connection

A

Web and flanges are engaged

Connection is so rigid forces to the beam cause columns to bend (bad in seismic)

Resists lateral forces better and passes bending from beam to column

97
Q

Seated beam shear connection

A

Pin connection - web not engaged -flanges bolted and seated on angle

98
Q

Stiffener plates

A

Use where added strength is needed at a connection

99
Q

Dog bone cuts

A

Used for seismic, allows bend without breaking the joint

100
Q

Eccentrically braced frames

A

Used in seismic zones, resists lateral forces without breaking

101
Q

Shear wall

A

Rigid wall that keeps building from wanting to fall from lateral forces

102
Q

What is a staggered truss system?

A

Every other floor is a truss supporting floor above and culling below - allows to be column free, minimizes floor to floor heights

103
Q

Rigid core vs rigid perimeter

A

Rigid perimeter is more stiff

104
Q

Cambering

A

Pre-curving a beam so when inflection it straightens and is more stable and wont bend / deflect down

105
Q

Composite steel and concrete column

A

W-flange surrounded by concrete or tube filled with concrete - reduce steel in half - works for columns, not beams

106
Q

Shear stud

A

Stud welded to metal floor pan to connect beams to concrete

107
Q

Girt’s

A

Metal Z channels that span between columns - usually holds panels, facades

108
Q

Tag line

A

Ropes tied to steel used to Get it in the right place

109
Q

Drift pin

A

Tapered steel pin used to hold steel in place to set bolts

110
Q

Does steel burn?

A

No, just softens

111
Q

Fabric used as enclosure

A

Polyester coated with PVC - low cost and low durability
Glass-fiber coated PTFE (Teflon) - DIA - medium cost and durability / good at keeping self clean
Glass - fiber coated with silicone - highest cost and durability

Long spans, luminescent

112
Q

Pneumatic structures

A

Tennis bubble - air continuously pumped in - cost and energy intensive

113
Q

Galvanic action

A

If surface is cathode and fastener is anode, it will react

Anode (most active)
Zinc
Aluminum
Steel
Iron
Stainless steel-active
Tin
Lead
Copper
Stainless steel-passive

Cathode (least active)

Provide insulator (rubber) to prevent reaction

114
Q

Concrete

A

A composition of Portland cement, aggregate ( rocks and sand), and water- add other chemicals for certain uses

115
Q

Portland cement _ type l

A

Normal concrete

116
Q

Portland cement _ type IA

A

Normal, air entrained

Allows freeze I thaw - 5% air bubbles

117
Q

Portland cement _ type 2

A

Moderate resistance to sulfates

Sulfates break down concrete

118
Q

Portland cement _ Type 2A

A

Moderate resistance to sulfates and air entrained

119
Q

Portland cement _ type 3

A

High early strength

120
Q

Portland cement _ type 4

A

Low heat of hydration (dams)

121
Q

Portland cement _ type 5

A

High resistance to sulfates

122
Q

How big should aggregatebl?

A

Less than 3/4 the space between rebar and no larger than 1/3 thickness of slab

123
Q

Pervious concrete

A

Aggregate all same size

124
Q

Lightweight aggregate

A

Geological popcorn - expanded shale

125
Q

Admixtures

A

Workability agents, air entraining, water reducing superplasticizers, accelerating retarding, shrinkage -reducing , corrosion inhibitors, freeze protection, extended set control, coloring

126
Q

Self consolidating concrete

A

When rebar is crowded inform, you want crisp edges- more pourable, smaller Ag. - needs strong forms

127
Q

Fly-ash concrete

A

Can reduce embodied energy 1/3
Uses ash from coal plants

128
Q

Where do we place reinforcing bars?

A

Where the largest forces are

129
Q

What is the diameter of *8 rebar?

A

6 = 6/8 or 3/4

1’ - 8 /8 “

130
Q

Grade 60 rebar

A

Rating of 60K psi

131
Q

Welded wire reinforcing (wwr)

A

The “mesh” typically in the bottom of slabs 2 “- 12” spacing- resists tension forces in 2 ways - comes rolled in a grid

132
Q

How do you splice rebar?

A

Overlap 30 x the diameter and tie wire or reinforcing bar couplers

133
Q

Stirrups

A

Resist moderate diagonal twisting forces of the beam

Slabs don’t require stirrups because of their surface area

134
Q

Shrinkage temperature steel

A

Used in slabs, wire/steel reinforcing, perpendicular - the steel helps control cracking as the slab shrinks

135
Q

Bars vs ties

A

Bars - compression with concrete taking the rest - tensile strength, provide flexibility with lateral
Ties-smaller, resists outward buckling, concrete prevents inward

136
Q

Concrete creep

A

Over time concrete gets squished downward

137
Q

Pre-stress, pre-tensioned, post- tensioned concrete

A

Pre-stressed - squeezes concrete together
Pre-tension and post- tension are types of pre-stressed

Pulls cables or rods tight to push concrete together to make it stronger (gives camber)

Pre-tension-infactory
Post-tension - cast in place

138
Q

If a concrete beam is one foot wide, how deep should it be?

A

3:1 ratio - 36”

139
Q

One way slab

A

Cast as one continuous pour - column - primary, girder - primary, beam, - secondary, slab - tertiary

140
Q

One way solid slab

A

Stab bands (as girders) short and stout wider

Reduces distance between beams, reduces floor to floor height, minimal structure to work around

4-10” deep

141
Q

One-way joist system ( ribbed slab)

A

Column, beam, joist bands, distribution rib (distributes load between beams)
3-4,5” deep

142
Q

Wide module slab

A

Thicker slab, half as many joists, slab can span further - wide beams

143
Q

Two way solid stab

A

Two way are good for square bays

Cantilever 30% of slab around perimeter - reduces bending forces in middle and reduces columns

144
Q

Two-way flat slab

A

No ribs, no beams - heavily loaded floors (factories) drop panel at column to reduce shear stress -thickened slab at drop panels

145
Q

Two-way flat plate slab

A

More lightly loaded-multi- family , better floor to floor height, clearance for other trades, extra rebar at columns in lieu of drop panels

5-12” deep

146
Q

Two-way just system (waffle slab)

A

Most expensive, longer spans between columns, heads at columns, use comes as formwork to create grid of joists

3-4,5” dep plus dome

147
Q

One way stab vs 2 way

A

1 way is rectangular bays 2 way is square bays

148
Q

Pre-cast concrete

A

Use type 3 early strength

Can cast new every 24 hours

Size to transport on truck

149
Q

Masonry mortar

A

Type i-normal cement
type 2- moderate sulfate resistance
Type 3-high early strength

Structurally mortar is most important

Use Portland cement, not masonry cements

150
Q

Portland cement mortar

A

Cement lime mortar - Portland cement, hydrated lime, aggregate, water

Blended hydraulic cements - Portland + slag / ads

151
Q

Mortar types (by strength)

A

M a S o N w O r K

Type m- highest strength, belowgrade
Type s- exterior reinforced masonry (most common)
Type N- general use (most common)
Type o - low strength interior
Type k- not strong’ or used anymore

152
Q

Efflorescense

A

Staining of salts / minerals without proper drainage

153
Q

Fly-ash

A

By product of coal boilers

154
Q

Brick

A

Fire resistant, weather resistant, water resistant, low maintenance, small size - usually local

155
Q

Clamp of bricks

A

The way bricks used to be stacked to be fired

156
Q

Brick sizes

A

Modular, standard, king, utility, Norman, Roman

Hollow brick, solid brick, frogged brick, cored brick

157
Q

Types of brick joints

A

Flush joint, raked joint, stripped joint, concave joint, vee joint weathered joint, struck joint

Vee and concave - use if rainy or freezes

158
Q

Low lift vs high lift grouting - reinforcing

A

Low lift - pour 4’ at a time, partially cure, then continue

High lift - taller structural well and bricks are omitted to ensure grout gets where it needs to

159
Q

Appearance grade of brick

A

FBA facing brick (anomaly) -more variation in size and chippage

FBS - standard- some variation

FBX _ exacting - more uniform

160
Q

Brick grade

A

Sw- (snow brick) ‘ hardest- underground - any climate

Mw - (Miami /moderate) - weather resistant

NW (interior)

161
Q

Brick walls start in the middle or at the corners

A

Corners

162
Q

Types of arches

A

Segmental, elliptical, parabolic, jack, Tudor, Roman ) gothic

163
Q

Granite

A

Most common - igneous (volcanic) hardest, non porous, most permanent, fine-medium-course grade, can be 3/8” thick +

164
Q

Limestone

A

Sedimentary, porous and weakest, can be polished (classified as marble but not), contains quarry sap - needs today- select (finest grain) → variegated (coarsest / flaws), can deteriorate in acid

165
Q

Quartz

A

Sedimentary - includes sandstone, brownstone, bluestone - porous - no polish

166
Q

Slate

A

Metamorphic, comes from clay , has planes of cleavage (from clay), good for paving, shingles, cladding

167
Q

Marble

A

Metamorphic, comes from limestone ( recrystallized) I easily carved and polished, can be cut as thin as 3/4”, graded from A (uniform) to D (faults) but often most unique and interesting, deteriorates in acid

168
Q

Stone

A

Higher moisture = weaker

169
Q

Modulus of rupture

A

Likelihood stone will accept metal anchors

170
Q

Stone types

A

Field - found infield
Rubble - irregular quarried with 1 + usable face
Dimensional - cut stone, slabs, ashtar-smaller units
Flagstone - irregular shapes _ good for floors

171
Q

Stone masonry vs cladding

A

Masonry - stacked with mortar like brick-may stain

Cladding-attaches as skin with anchors larger scale, more precise

172
Q

For best strength and weather resistance, stone is laud with grain going -

A

Horizontally

173
Q

Typical cmu size

A

8x8x16

174
Q

Dry stacked masonry

A

(Surface bonded) stacked with no mortar then covered with tuck layer on both sides -like stucco

175
Q

Vapor barriers / retarders

A

Class I _ less than 0,1 perms
Class 2- 0.1 → 1.0 perms (some plywood, latex paint, kraft paper, rigid foam ins)
Class 3- 1.0 → 10.0 perms (gyp wall w/ latex paint)

176
Q

Vapor barrier placeineert

A

Warm side of wall

177
Q

Notching in wood beams

A

Hole can be anywhere as long as diameter is less than 1/3 D

178
Q

Notching in stud wall

A

Max diameter is 40%, of stud depth, cannot exceed 25% of stud depth, max diameter is 60% it there’s a double stud - cannot have a hole and notch in same cross section

ARE STUDY (9 decks)

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