PROFESSIONAL ROLE Flashcards
What are different types of variables
A variable is a condition, characteristic, or factor that is being measured. An independent variable is the one being manipulated that is not affected by the others. A dependent variable changes depending on the manipulation of the independent variable
specifity
sensitivity
negative predictive value
Specificity measures the ability of a screening test to correctly identify a person without a disease. It is often confused with sensitivity, which measures the ability of a screening test to correctly identify a person with a disease. Negative predictive value is the probability that a person with a negative test result does not have the disease, and confidence interval measures the degree of certainty in a sampling method.
different symbols in research
The correct symbol to indicate total number of subjects in a study (total population) is N. For example, a research study has a total number of subjects or total population of 100 (N = 100). The small letter n is used to indicate a subpopulation. For example, a study uses a total population of N = 100 that is divided into two groups of 50 subjects (n = 50). The letter p is used to indicate p -value. The symbol α denotes the significance level.
A systematic review is a literature review that identifies, selects, and analyzes multiple research articles concerning a health condition, disease, or other health-related topic. A meta-analysis is a statistical method that combines data from multiple studies (systematic review), resulting in higher statistical power and a single conclusion. A case series is a collection of case reports (report of one patient with a disease or an unusual condition) that feature multiple individuals who are given similar treatment. A cohort study is used to investigate risk factors and causes of disease. An example of a cohort study is the Framingham Study.
epidemic
endemic
pandemic
herd immunity
Epidemic is the rapid increase of a disease in a population that involves a large number of people. A pandemic is the rapid increase of a disease (epidemic) that occurs over a very large area (several countries or continents). Endemic is the baseline level of a particular disease in a population, and herd immunity is the resistance to a disease in a large number of people in a population.
types of medicare
Medicare Part D is a voluntary program that charges a premium. Like all Medicare services, patients need to enroll during the “open enrollment” periods during the year (there is a penalty for late enrollment). There is a drug formulary, and not all drugs are available or reimbursed. Use of generic drugs is preferred, as there is a spending limit. Medicare Part B will reimburse for alcohol misuse/abuse treatment
different culture
Hinduism encourages the acceptance of pain and suffering as part of the consequences of karma. Hindu patients may not be forthcoming about pain and may prefer to accept it as a means of progressing spiritually. Vietnamese patients may fear blood tests and surgery because of a belief that blood loss worsens illness. Mormons may wear “temple garments” under their clothes or hospital gown as a symbol of covenant they made in the temple. Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine believe that life energy (chi or qi) imbalance or blockage is the cause of disease.
nurse ethics
Veracity.
By presenting the information honestly and truthfully, the nurse practitioner is following the ethical principle of veracity. Autonomy is the obligation to ensure that patients have the right to make their own healthcare choices. Confidentiality is the obligation of the nurse practitioner to protect all medical and personal information of the patient. Fidelity is the process of following through with promises and maintaining trust within relationships
types of study
ongitudinal study.
A longitudinal study examines a group of subjects with the same variables over a long period of time. A retrospective study examines that have already occurred. A case study examines a single person, event, or phenomena. A cross-sectional study compares the similarities and differences between two or more groups of people at one given point in time
