Production EXAM Flashcards
Coccodia Gross & Histopathology:
Catarrhal enteritis-congestive, +/-haemorrhagic
Small 1-2 mm white/grey ‘nodules’ in intestinal mucosa
Loss of epithelial cells
Villous atrophy, crypt destruction
Coccidia prepatent period:
Can be up to a year
Risk factors for coccidiosis
- Young age
- low body weight (at weaning)
- warm wet environment
- high stock density
- fecal contamination of feed/water
- stressors
Describe a drought feedlot:
a facility designed to provide a controlled environment for livestock during periods of drought. It plays a crucial role in maintaining animal welfare and ensuring sustainability of livestock farming operations during challenging environmental conditions.
Neucleus flock
Describe a lamb feedlot
a facility where lambs are raised for meat production. It comprises pens or enclosures where lambs receive a controlled diet to promote growth and reach market weight efficiently. Proper nutrition and care are essential to ensure the production of high-quality lamb meat.
Describe an export feedlot
These feedlots ensure the animals meet specific quality and health standards required for export. They provide a controlled environment with proper nutrition, healthcare, and handling to produce livestock that meet the criteria set by importing countries, allowing for the export of high-quality meat and livestock products to global markets. Export feedlots play a pivotal role in facilitating international trade and meeting stringent import requirements.
Prepare for export
List some feedlot design considerations:
Regulatory Compliance
Shade and Shelter
Feed and Water Infrastructure
Environmental Impact
Waste Management
Health and Veterinary Facilities
Security
Accessibility
How many serotypes of salmonella are identified?
2500
Enterobacteriaceae
a family of bacteria that includes various Gram-negative, rod-shaped organisms. These bacteria are found in various environments, including the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. Many members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are opportunistic pathogens, meaning they can cause infections when the host’s immune system is compromised. Some well-known genera within Enterobacteriaceae include Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, and Klebsiella.
How can we identify salmonella?
Culture
Serology
PCR
Sensitivity
Salmonella pathogenesis:
Fecal oral transmission
Salmonellosis risk factors?
Stress
- transport
- husbandry events
- parasites
- other disease
- bad weather
- overcrowding
- poor hygiene
Coccidia ateology:
Caused by several species of protozoa from the family Eimeriidae
Coccidia pathogenesis:
Ingestion of sporulated oocysts
Salmonella localization:
Where may this occur?
Brain - meningo-encephalitis
Tips of ears and tails - dry gangrene
Gastro-intestinal tract - diarrhea
Repro. tract - abortion
Salmonella clinical signs
- Fever
- DIARRHEA
- Dehydration
- Inappentence
- Weakness
- Weight loss
- Pain (abdo.)
Chronic carriers of Salmonella
Harboring the bacteria in their intestines for an extended period without displaying symptoms - can potentially shed the bacteria, posing a risk of transmission to others.
Salmonella gross pathology:
Varied
congested, red-purple lungs and liver
enlarged fatty liver and thickened and inflamed gall bladder
inflamed abomasum and intestines
enlarged, moist or bleeding intestinal lymph nodes
khaki-coloured diarrhoea, containing mucus or blood flecks
Intestinal fibrinous/diphteric casts
Coccidia diagnosis
History (risk factors)
Clinical signs
Gross pathology
Laboratory diagnosis (FEC) is not definitive as little relationship betw. numbers of oocysts and severity of disease.
Acidosis
Can manifest as either acute or subacute forms, with acute acidosis often resulting from rapid grain consumption and leading to severe clinical signs. Subacute ruminal acidosis is a chronic condition associated with prolonged exposure to high-carbohydrate diets, leading to subtle performance issues. Preventing acidosis through gradual dietary transitions, careful grain management, and access to forage and clean water is essential for maintaining sheep health.
Urolithiasis
Formation of urinary stones in the urinary tract, which can obstruct urine flow. This condition can result from various factors, including diet, water quality, and genetics. Prevention involves maintaining a balanced diet, providing clean and ample water, and managing mineral intake
Vitamin A deficiency
Leads to a range of health issues, including poor growth, impaired reproduction, and weakened immune function. This deficiency is often associated with a diet lacking in vitamin A-rich forage or feed sources. To prevent vitamin A deficiency, it’s crucial to provide sheep with a well-balanced diet
Laminitis
Inflammation of the laminae, which are the sensitive tissues that connect the hoof wall to the underlying structures. Common causes of laminitis in sheep include overconsumption of high-energy feeds, grain-rich diets, or sudden changes in diet. Clinical signs may include lameness, reluctance to move, heat in the hooves, and a characteristic “sawhorse” stance.
What is BRD?
Multifactorial disease
Viral:
- IBR (bovine herpes 1v)
- pestivirus (BVDV)
- parainfluenza
bacterial: (commensals of upper respiratory tract)
- mannheimia haemolytica
- pasteurella multocida
- mycoplasma bovis
What is the usual cause of death for BRD cases?
Bronchopnemonia
What is IBR?
Infective Bovine Rinotracitis
Caused by Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1)
Vaccine available - Bovillis IBR + MH or Rhinogurd BHV 1 (live)
Viral respiratory disease that affects cattle, causing symptoms like fever, nasal discharge, and coughing
Pestivirus
BVDV
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Respiratory symptoms (including coughing and nasal discharge)
However, it’s primarily recognized as a reproductive and systemic disease in cattle, but it can cause respiratory issues when transmitted to sheep.
Control measures in sheep may involve vaccination and quarantine procedures.
Corona virus
An agent of BRD
Gastrointestinal and respiratory system
Manheimia Haemolytica
Primary BRD pathogen
Pneumonia, high fever, and labored breathing
Vaccination = Bovillis IBR + MH or Bovi-shield MH (live)
most severe - death <24h
Pasturella Multocidia
Pneumonia, nasal discharge, and coughing.
Proper management, including vaccination and minimizing stress factors
Histophylis somni
BRD pathogen
respiratory distress, fever, nasal discharge, coughing, and reduced feed intake
What are the factors (other than (viruses + bacteria) of BRD?
Stress
Mechanical damage to lungs
Immunosupression
Transportation
Breed (bos torus)
Sex (steers)
- Disease occurs 2-3 weeks after a stressor
Clinical signs of BRD:
Flat
Coughing (wet)
Mucus from nose
Droopy ears
Head down
Separation from herd
Sunken eyes
Best chance of recovery is due to:
Being identified early
Gross pathology of BRD:
Kills them quickly:
Purple discolouration of lung fields
1-2 weeks:
emphasematus and fibrous lungs (pasturella)
3-4 weeks:
lots of puss, chronic fibrin tags, some adhesions, plutris
the more time that goes by the harder it is to identify the causitive bug
brisket odemia - heart wont work (histophalus - micro abscesses in heart)
lung microabcesses (micoplasma bovis)
Treatment of BRD:
Antibiotics
NSAIDs = meloxicam (last 3d SQ)
Vitamin C
Change feed
Give a few weeks
Antibiotic treatment for BRD:
Macrolides (not for milk producing animals)
Tulathromycin (draxxin) 7d, WHP 35d
Cephalosporin =
Exceed, Accent & Ceftiofur (last resort)
Allomycin
Control/prevention of BRD:
Manage concurrent disease
Starter diet (reduce acidosis) - high in carbs
introduction protocols - lower stress
allocate enough bunk space (feeding) 11m2/hd
yard weaning & backgrounding
