production animal

Question 1

reasons for a down cow

Answer 1

metabolic- low ca, mg or phos
ketosis- rarer but more common with twins

injuries- post calving, L6- may be selayed effect due to soft tissue swellong putting pressure on nerves

severe ilness- mastitis, ut infection, metritis (less than a week post calving- day 3-7)

abdominal bleeding

Question 2

down cow clinical questions

Answer 2

when did she calve?- remember its possible for it just to have injured itself even if it has just calved
herd history of down cow? historicaly? this lactation?
how was the calving?- describe why it was difficult if so, big calf? assistance needed?
stage of lactation?
how long has she been down?
have you given her anything?
any other isses on farm? infection? mastitis?
milk records?- has her yeild dropped recently
whats her diet like? any preventative diets for milk fever
did you see her before she went down? was she normal?- was she missed

Question 3

treatment for enteritis downer cow

Answer 3

tmps- cheapest, lowest withdrawl
NSAIDs

fluids- iv when scouring- hypertoninc fluid MUST be followed with lots of oral fluids
nursing
reasses- lifting, check for mastitis as can occur as shes been laying

Question 4

antibiotics for CODD

Answer 4

longer acting
amoxicillan
penecillan

Question 5

antibiotics for foot rot

Answer 5

oxytetracycline

Question 6

prevention for foot rot

Answer 6

vaccination
culling
foot bathing
avoid trimming

Question 7

prevention for CODD

Answer 7

avoid gathering- FOOT BATHS RISK AND NOT EFFECTIVE
avoid trimming

Question 8

describe the 5 point plan for herd foot health

Answer 8

vaccinate- foot vac
cull- tag each time treated and then once threashold reached cull avoid- biosecurity
treat- antibiotics (Penicillin and oxytetracycline), foot bath
quarentine

Question 9

dichelobater nodosus

Answer 9

causal bacteria of foot rot and scald
survives for 30 dyas in soils
can be vaccinated against

Question 10

causal agents and key control of digital dermatitis

Answer 10

fusobacterium necrophorum
treponemes- spirochetes- commensal on feet and enter through wound and pressure cuased by dirty moist enviroment

key control is footbathing, slurry managment, hygene,
treatment- topical oxytet spray

Question 11

causal agents and key control of white line disease

Answer 11

non infectious
nurtition- trace minerals ( zinc, biotin(made in rumen an high producing cows on concentrates dont produce enough))
sheering forces- handling, flooring, sharp turns
trimming

Question 12

causal agents and key control of interdigital dermititis

Answer 12

foul in the foot

infection
fusobaterium necrophorum

NSAIDs- ketoprophen
systemic antibiotics- oxytet, betomox (amoxixillan best as short withdrawl), not responding- macrolide (in milking cows tyloxine)

control of hygeine
management of slurry
footbath

Question 13

causal agents and key control of sole ulcers and haemorrage

Answer 13

standing times
thin/ fat cows

treat with trimming and blocking, spray and nsaid
salacilic acid contrevercial and not generally evidenced based or on licence
cubical management

Question 14

causal agents and key control of interdigital growths

Answer 14

continued slurry exposure
interdigital dermatitis exposure
gentetics

Question 15

key causes of lameness in cows

Answer 15

solar haemorrage
sole ulcers
digital dermatitis
white line disease
interdigital dermatitis
interdigital growths

Question 16

ketoprofen

Answer 16

short acting but cheap with 1 day withdrawl

Question 17

rumaphen

Answer 17

good middle ground between metacalm and ketoprofen, shorter withdral and cheaper than metacalm but longer lasting than ketoprofen

Question 18

metacalm

Answer 18

more expensive with longer withdrawls than ketoprophen but lasts longer

Question 19

antibiotics for toxic mastitis

Answer 19

injectable not often used- norodene sometimes used for toxic cases in conjunction with antibiotic tubes- tmps: not evidenced unless sings of baceremia seen

flunixin- 24 hour duration and longer milk withdrawl with antiinflamatory effects

Question 20

What is the legal limit for somatic cell count

Answer 20

400,000 bulk tank

Question 21

what is a normal somatic cell count

Answer 21

150,000- every 100,000 over could be 10% of the herd with disease

Question 22

diagnostics for mastitis

Answer 22

CMT
3M Clearanced

milk samoling- technique
-on farm culture vs lab
bacteriology vs ocr

bulk tank diagnostics-t

Question 23

treatment of mastitis

Answer 23

availabe?
antibiotic ocnsiderations?
licensed?
Cure rate?- 50 % average

Question 24

RDA clin exam

Answer 24

right sided ping
right side succussion- when absent this is lower on the diagnostic list
low temp
pain signs- sitiin gdown, high hr high rr

Question 25

what is the whithers pinch test

Answer 25

common diagnostic test for traumatic reticuloperitonitis is the withers pinch test, in a normal cow if you pinch their withers the cow should dip and perform a shrug like action. In a cow with tyre wire they will be reluctant to perform the dip, or will grunt whilst dipping; indicating pain.

Question 26

abdominal catastrophie

Answer 26

non specific abdominal issue

treatment:
conservative medical managment:
coffee
fluids
roll
buscopan- keep eye on withdrawl
NSAID- ketoprophen has short withdrawl but if giving buscopan just give metacalm
review in a couple of hours- be sensible about time of day! look at schedual and give time to do other treatment if needed- never let sun go down on RDA. if not better go to ex-lap

surgery- rules out emergency slaughter
ex lap

Question 27

differentials for right sided ping

Answer 27

caecal torsion?- often result in zero faecal output
dilated caecum- not as painfull as some other differentials
small intestinal issue
spiral colon torsion
RDA- offten acoumpanied by pos secussion
gas in the euterus- woud be felt on rectal
peritonitis- can produce ping!!!- bubble wrap feeling on rectal- this is important as in this senario you CANNOT send for slaughter

Question 28

pnemonia in sheep

Answer 28

diagnostics–
swab
histopathology from lungs in any dead
baermans flotation test
faecal egg count
wheelbarrow test
ultrasound
post mortem

diffferentials-
bacterial pnemonia- pasturelosis, manhemia haemolitica
clostridial disease
viral pneumonia
lungworm
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA)
fluke- aub acute faciolisis - especially if grazed with or ater cows as cows create big burden on pasture
texel throat- Laryngeal chondritis
bolus gun injury

treatment for non specific cause-
oxytetracicline- good penetration, cat d, cheap, la prep available, broad spectrum (clear anitbiotics clear the airways)
vaccinate- heptivac + but not the sick animals give to non pyrexic members of herd and recovered ones later
multivit injection?- price? time?
supportive rehydration
check back in tomorrow

euthanasia?- cant be casualty slaughter as pyrexia
captivebolt most efficient

Question 29

Group 1 antihelmenthic

Answer 29

1-BZ (white)
Benzimidazoles

broad spectrum

effective against trichostrongyles, haemonchus, nemotodirus(esspecially effective) and mature fluke at higher doses

Question 30

group 2 anthelmintics

Answer 30

2-LM (yellow)
levamizole

broad spectrum

effective against trichostrongyles, haemonchus, nemotodirus

Question 31

group 3 anthemintics

Answer 31

3-ML- (clear)
macrocyclic lactones

broad specrum

effective against trichostrongyles, haemonchus, nemotodirus

Question 32

groups 4 anthelmentics

Answer 32

4-AD-(orange)
amino-acetonitrite derivatives

broad spectrum

Question 33

group 5 anthemintics

Answer 33

5-SI-(purple)
spironoindoles

Question 34

on farm parasite prevention

Answer 34

breed own replecments-closed herd
quarentine incoming stock
healthy livestock- bvd vaccination
lungworm vaccine
nutrition
natural antiparisitics- herbal leys
trees- willow= cobalt, salacilic acid, tanin
longer sward lenght- ryegrass- revents eggs from clinbing to top of feed
mixed graxing- different parasites
regional warnings/ forecasts
breedingrest perios
youngstock paddocks multipliers

Question 35

sheep mastitis predisposers

Answer 35

teat end damage-
large lambs on ewes
orf- jagged pasture a predisposer to this
thistles and gorse
chapped from cold
staph,aureus from ewews skin
manhemia heamolytica from lambs mout
strep dysgalactica- ?

Question 36

treatment for sheep mastitis

Answer 36

tubes can damage teats
systemic antibiotics more common-
theoretically amoxicillan and oxytetracicline in very early stages
resistance in manheimias and pasturellas for oxytet
long acting macrolides best - draxin (Tulathromycin) has a nice 16 day withdrawl and lasts for a long time- wont save qaurter

NSAIDS- to treat toxic shock that is often a factor

often not seen in early stages as udder harder to monitor in sheep

Question 37

prevention of mastitis in sheep

Answer 37

investigation of teat damage
adequate ewe nutrition
orf prevention vax and thistles
decreased exposure to incliment weather

often difficult ot control- strep. dysgalctiae

taxels predisposed- management? predisposition?

Question 38

joint ill in lambs

Answer 38

massive welfare problem

cs- sudden onset lameness, pain heat and swellin in multiple joints, reduced feeding, ill thrift
as young as 5 day but often 2-4 weeks
high lamb losses in bad outbreaks

naval BIGGEST route of infection- strict naval hygene- iodene and spirit
ambing shed and pen hygene also important

Question 39

joint ill pathogens

Answer 39

strep. dysgalctiae
e.coli
staph. aureus
other streps
t.pyogenes

naval or oral rout
haemotogenous spread
route of intorduction hard to pinpoint

Question 40

joint ill treatment

Answer 40

long course of penecillan- procaine penecillan for a week best but betaox/ trimox alos works. long acting common so offlicense injection daily has been done

at least 7 days

NSAIDs or steriod- steriod preference??
corticosteriod on day 1 and 2-3: o.5ml raidexon

caught early is far better success

Question 41

strep.dysgalctiae

Answer 41

big joint ill and mastatis pathogen

survives for long time in DRY conditions- so even seemingly clean shed can hold infection

moving sheep a solution?
try to reduce load in shed- high output commonly struggle- reducong stocking density good solution

Question 42

watery mouth

Answer 42

e.coli

cs- watery mouth, fluid in belly, lethargy, scour

e.coli ingested before colostrum, in conjunction with poor or too little colostrum or in large quntites

twins, triplets and quads more prone

investigation-
look at shed: clenliness? mastitis? hand hygene?
COLOSTRUM- igg levels can be used, total protiens from less than a week old lambs more practical. nutrition and food acess important factor to quality
poor pem hygene and nutrition two big factors

prelambing bloods can be doen- 2-4 weeks before lambing. blood sample ewews to look at total protene and urea (indication of short term protiene) and bhps to check protiens and energy for milk prodution

Question 43

reproductive managment of ewes

Answer 43

Flushing – Increasing nutrition with forage or concentrates before breeding, increases ovulation rate in ewes

Intravaginal sponges impregnated with progestogens (medroxyprogesterone acetate or fluorgestone acetate) have been the most widely used agents for control of ovulation but are not available for clinical use in the US. Progestogen treatment is administered for 10–14 days in sheep
CIDR ovis also use progesterone and are currently more availcable- T-shaped nylon insert molded with silicone rubber skin containing progesterone that’s released at a controlled rate into the bloodstream after insertion- 12 days
removal causes rapid drop in progesterone and therefore ovulation, put tups in straight away

PMSG

melatonin implants- regulin: behind the ear as this part is not going into the food chain

teasers

light managment

Question 44

average cost of mastitis per case

Answer 44

£250

Question 45

on average per year how many cases of mastitis per 100 cows is there

Answer 45

35

Question 46

sudden death in cattle

Answer 46

anthrax
hardwear disease
clostridial disease- black leg, pulpy kidney
lightning strike
tetnus
Botulism
plant toxcicity- yew, acorns, bracken, rhododendron, ragwort
ruminal acidosis
caudal vena cava syndrome
copper or lead poisoning
haemorrage
thyamine defficancy
heart attack
trauma
fluke- black disease
fog fever- l-tryptophan
staggers- hypomagnesaemia
colic- intestinal torsion
halocure overdose
electrocution
iatrogenic- bolus gun injury

Question 47

sudden death with hypomagnesaemia in cows

Answer 47

at grass
evidence of paddling
vitrous humour to test mg levels

Question 48

sudden death with colic in cows

Answer 48

can be very quick
ping
palpable per rectum
scant faeces

torsed cas=ecum
rda teisting and causing toxicity
small intentinal torsions or interssuseption
mesenteric torsion

Question 49

sudden death with poisoning in cows

Answer 49

lead- car battery- blind if alive- found in blood and kidneys
zcrorn
creosote
bracken
yew
rhodedendrin
fresh autumn grass- fog fever

Question 50

sudden death from ruminal acidosis in cows

Answer 50

change of diet?
acess to grain?
rumen ph <5 at pm

Question 51

lightning strike/ stray voltage in cows

Answer 51

often multiple animals
near tree
can travek in wet ground
instant- grass in mouth
singe marks in midline and medial hindlimbs
petechiation of dermis
often clained for insurance

Question 52

haemorrhage as a cause of sudden death in cows

Answer 52

could be caudal vena cava syndrome- bilateral epistaxsi

milk vein-abcessate

vaginal/ uterine artery

Question 53

blackleg as a cause of sudden death in cattle

Answer 53

ingested clostridia deposited in muscles and react to trauma or execive excersise- young strong beef animas

rapid autolysis
usually best anias in herd
acute onset, febrile crepetiuus, swolen limbs
alos in myocardium and diaphram

Question 54

clostridial disease as a cause of suden death in cows

Answer 54

black disease- migration of immature liver fluke

malignant oedema- often im injection activating latent spores

tetanus- lockjaw, ears back, hindlin=mb stifness, raised tailhead. castration and isiopathic due to gut overgrowth

botulism-
flaccid paralysis in 4-7, tounge most obvious to begin with

Question 55

total protien as a measure of colostrum imunity

Answer 55

albumin is made during pregnacy but globulin is obtained by maternal antibodies
low total protien is a crude reflection of globulin levels ASSUMING albumin is normal and the animal is not dehydrated

cheap and quick method

constent measures of 35-40 flags problems

Question 56

causes of scour

Answer 56

e.coli- irst few days and ofen more septicemia
crypto- mostly uner 3 weeks

rota virus
corona virus