Production Flashcards
1
Q
What is production
A
The process of transforming factors of production into finished products, services or outputs
Inputs—–>transformation—–> outputs
2
Q
Production systems
A
The process used to manufacturing products
3
Q
Main types of production systems…
A
Continuous production
Interrupted production
4
Q
What is continuous production
A
Products that flow continuously from one point to another
5
Q
What is a type of continuous production
A
Mass production
6
Q
What is mass production
A
Producing products in bulk ex… Tvs, pencils, cereals, jelly beans.. etc
7
Q
Characteristics of mass production
A
- Expensive and specialized equipment is used
- A small variety of goods are produced
- Machinery is placed in a logical order to promote continuous flow
- Goods are transported from one work station to another usually on a conveyer belt
- large volumes are produced
- work routine and operators are specialized
8
Q
Advantaged of continuos production
A
- cost per unit is less
- greater specialization occurs
- division of labour occurs
- workers and equipment are optimally used
- control of production process is simplified
- sales turnover is high
- equipment is standardized and products are uniform
9
Q
Disadvantages of continuous production
A
- production process is inflexible
- changes in demand cant be taken into account
- large amount of capital is required as special equipment must be bought
- changes in machinery is expensive
10
Q
What is interrupted production
A
Separate orders with different specifications are made
Larger variety of products produced
11
Q
Types of interrupted production..
A
Jobbing
Batch production
12
Q
What is jobbing
A
Products are manufactured to customers special needs
The customer designs what they want and how it will suit them
Ex… ships, boats, dance dresses, houses
13
Q
Characteristics of jobbing
A
- Products are unique and not remanufactured
- one job must be completed before the next one can be done
- all purpose machinery is used
- workers must be highly skilled
- large amount of capital is required
- production control is simplified
14
Q
What is batch production
A
- Its a combination of mass production and jobbing
- There are a large amount of similar projects made but according to specific requirements
- a production system that focuses on making one type of product in one batch before moving on to a batch of another type .. ex.. cars, furniture, breads, school uniforms
15
Q
Characteristics of Batch production
A
- production involves various steps which must each be completed before another one starts
- large quantities and variety of similar products
- multi purpose machinery is used
- workers are versatile
16
Q
Advantages of interrupted production
A
- greater flexibility
- machinery breakdowns can be easily overcome
- machinery is less expensive
- easy to adapt to changes in quantity demand
17
Q
Disadvantages of interrupted production
A
- high production costs per unit
- keep rage amounts of semi finished goods
- products take longer to produce
- large amounts of capitol is needed
18
Q
What does production entail?
A
Production planning
Production control
19
Q
What is production planning
A
- Considering the micro market and macro environments to find the best production methods
- making all the decisions regarding production to ensure efficiency for all of us
20
Q
Steps in production planning
A
Planning
Routing
Scheduling
Loading
21
Q
Planning
A
Determine which production systems, steps in the production systems, costs, calculating amount of material and assets and labour needed
22
Q
Routing
A
Planning the route that goods will take through the production process
23
Q
Scheduling
A
Making sure that every task in the production process is completed on time
24
Q
Loading
A
Assign the work to the operations at each station in the production systems
25
Advantages of efficient planning?
- supplier is assured with regular orders and a continuos relationship with the manufacturer
- manufacturer is assured f the regular supply of the correct quantity and quality of materials ensuring efficient production
- employees have job satisfaction, favorable working conditions and know what is expected of them
- consumer is assured of regular supply at favorable quantity, quality and prices
26
Types of planning
1 long term planning
2 medium term planning
3 short term planning
27
Long term planning
About 3 to 5 years
28
Medium term planning
About 2 years
29
Short term planning
About 1 year
30
What Denison must be made in long term planning
- selection and designs of the products
- process planing
- location selection
- facts layout
- machinery and equipment (type, purchase, maintenance)
31
What decisions are made in medium term planning
Product specifications
| Volume of production
32
What decisions are made in short term planning
Working arrangements
| Production schedule
33
What is production control
Involves overseeing all aspects of the production process from when the raw materials or inputs enter the production system to when they leave as products or outputs
34
Steps in production control
1. Route determination
2. Following up
3. Quality inspectors
4. Corrective planning
35
Route determination
How material will move from one pint to another: giving the production orders for production work to begin at each station
36
Following up
Keeping watch over the production process to make sure that operations are running smoothly
37
Quality inspectors
Inspect the products that the factory has produced
38
Corrective planning
Contingency plans
39
What are the steps to ensure a product meets specific standards
1. Set quality standards
2. Decide how to measure the standards
3. Measure quality against set standards
4. Find and correct causes of poor quality
5. Continuously make improvements
40
What is the meaning of quality in the producers prospective
- conforms to the design
- conforms to set specifications
- free of errors
- fir for purpose
- measurable
41
What are consumers perspectives of quality
- has natural superiority
- worth the cost
- performs to expectations
- is reliable and durable
42
How to ensure quality control in production
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Recording systems
Set standards
Inspection points
Inspection methods
Tolerance limits
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43
Recording systems
Keep accurate records
44
Set standards
Set standards according to which products will be compared
45
Inspection points
Establish a number of inspection points
46
Inspection methods
Standardize and consistent
47
Tolerance limits
How much variation are you willing to accept
48
Advantages of quality control
- continuous checking and testing mean improved quality
- motivated employees
- salary and wages incentives for good quality and strict control
- happy and loyal customers
- low production costs
49
What is the purpose of quality management systems
Ensure that products are manufactures to a certain quality, within certain specifications and to an acceptable standard
50
What are the quality control bodies
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS)
| International Standards organization (ISO)
51
SABS
- Preparation and control of standard in industry
- development and publication of standards of goods and services taking into the account the needs of the producers and consumers
52
ISO
-registration system whereby businesses that comply with international quality standards get recognition and are registered in a certificate holders register
53
Direct/ primary costs
Costs that can specifically measured and traced directly to the production of specific product
54
Indirect/overhead costs
General costs incurred by the business but cant be specifically measured and related to as a product
There are 2 types of them..... fixed costs
Variable costs
55
Fixed costs
Manufacturing costs which stay the same no matter the quantity of the product produced ex.. rent, insurance, managers salaries ..etc
56
Variable costs
Manufacturing costs which charge according to quality produced.. ex... electric, material costs, some types of wages
57
Total cost of production
Direct costs+indirect costs
58
Unit cost (cost price)
Total production cost divided by number produced
59
Selling price
Cost price +mark up
60
Break even analysis
What level of sales is needed for a business to start making a profit
61
General factory safety
Workers must know all equipment how to use them and what they do before entering the factory. They must also know all safety laws and company's safely regulations
62
The machinery and the occupational health and safety act (OHSA)
South Africa's workplace laws are stated in the occupational health and safety act (85 of 1993)
63
The general duties of employers to their employees
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Maintain a safe working environment
Limit all risks
Proper maintained of assets
Precautionary measures
Provide info
Comply with the OHSA
Always have supervision for employees at work
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