Proclaiming & Referring Tones

Question 1

Common ground

Answer 1

• Area of speaker-hearer convergence. There is only shared information.

Question 2

New⑵

Answer 2

• Information which we assume is only available to the speaker, so the hearer doesn’t know.

Question 3

Referring tones

Answer 3

• Used to recycle shared information. Include the rise ↗ and the rise-fall ↘↗

Question 4

Proclaiming Tones

Answer 4

• Used to inteoduce New⑵ information. It includes the fall ↘ and the rise-fall ↗↘.

Question 5

Convergence

Answer 5

• A sense of togetherness, understanding and sympathy.
• Suation: “manipulating” someone to do what you want or agree with you.
• Uses Referring Tones (rise ↗ and rise-fall ↘↗).
• You are seeing things from the same point of view.

Question 6

Divergence

Answer 6

• A sense of contradiction, disagreement and detachment.
• Uses Proclaiming Tones (fall ↘ and rise-fall ↗↘).
• You are seeing things from a different point of view.

Question 7

Dominance

Answer 7

•The speaker in control of discourse. The one who asks questions, drives the conversation.
• They have the greatest freedom to intervene and/or stop a topic.
• Can use both dominant & non-dominant tones.
» Dominant Tones: Rise-Fall ↗↘ and Rise ↗ (↗ = r+), (↗↘ = p+).
≫ Dominant Speaker can use:
》 Proclaiming Fall ↘.
》Proclaiming + Dominance = Rise-Fall ↗↘.
》Referring Fall-Rise ↘↗.
》Referring + Dominance = Rise ↗.
≫ Non-Dominant speaker:
》Proclaiming Fall ↘.
》Referring Fall-Rise ↘↗.

Question 8

Dependent and Independent Clauses

Answer 8

• Dependent clauses coincide with shared information, meaning they take Referring Tones.
• Independent clauses coincide with New⑵ information, meaning they take Proclaiming Tones, specifically Fall↘.
≫ Cannonical order: [↘↗ + ↘]
shared + new⑵
Dependent clause [↘↗] + Independent clause [↘].
≫ Non-cannonical order: [↘ + ↗]
New⑵ + shared
Independent clause [↘] + Dependent Clause [↗]