Process of Metabolism Flashcards
What is the primary function of Catabolic Pathways?
Harvest and store the energy of molecules by producing ATP
What serves as the “Go-between” molecule of Catabolism and Anabolism?
ATP
How can we breakdown the Catabolic Process?
Stage I, II, III
What is the first stage of the Catabolic Process?
Stage I: Hydrolysis of macromolecules into subunits
Simple sugars, Amino and Fatty Acids, Glycerol
What is the second stage of the Catabolic Process?
Converting subunits into a form that can be completely oxidized
Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
What is the third stage of the Catabolic Process?
Complete oxidation of nutrients and production of ATP
Glycolysis
Ten step pathway
Anaerobic using cytoplasmic enzymes
Requires ATP to start process
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
What are the three major products of Glycolysis?
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate Molecules
How many ATP molecules are formed by Glycolysis?
4 ATP molecules
Net gain of 2
2 Are used early in the process
How can Pyruvate be used in the presence and absence of Oxygen?
If O is present, Pyruvate is used to produce Acetyl CoA
If O is absent, Pyruvate is used for fermentation reactions
What are the two major sections Glycolysis can be divided into?
First 5: Investment of ATP
Last 5: Net yield of ATP
How do Energy Harvesting Pathways react to the energy needs of the cell?
Reactions speed up when there is more of a demand for ATP
Reactions slow down when there is abundant ATP
What happens when Pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
Converted to two carbon Acetyl group
Binds with Coenzyme A
Forms Acetyl CoA
What is the major function of Acetyl CoA?
Carry the Acetyl group to the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
What is produced from ONE turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Three NADH Molecules
Two CO2 Molecules
One FADH2 Molecule
One ATP Molecule
Describe the process of The Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA reacts with Oxaloacetate to form Citric Acid
Citric Acid oxides with NAD to form NADH and a 5 carbon molecule
Oxidizes with NAD to form NADH and a 4 carbon molecule
Reacts with ADP to form one ATP
Oxidizes with FAD to form FADH2
Oxidizes with NAD to form NADH and Oxaloacetate
What is the process by which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and ATP is produced?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
How much ATP do we get when we oxidize NADH and FADH2?
Three ATP when NADH is oxidized
Two ATP when FADH2 is oxidized
What is another name for ATP Synthase?
F0 F1 Complex
Describe the process of Oxidative Phosphorlyation
NADH and FADH2 transport hydrogen ions (protons) through the three sites in the ETS and are pumped into the Intermembrane Space
These Hydrogen Ions create an area of high concentration
Hydrogen is then pushed through ATP Synthase to form ATP
How much ATP does the complete Oxidation of a Glucose produce?
36 ATP Molecules
What is Gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of Glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
What are the starting materials required for Gluconeognesis?
Lactate
Amino Acids
Glycerol
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of Glycogen to Glucose for energy use
Glycogenesis
Conversion of Glucose to Glycogen for storage
Lipogenesis
Conversion of Carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipolysis
Breakdown of fat
