Process Equipment and Plant Design Flashcards
Fresh water carrying pipelines in chemical industries are coloured with __________ color.
sea green
Which of the following material is seldom used for pressure vessel construction ?
Rimmed still
The ratio of shear stress to shear strain is called
shear modulus
25 per cent cut segmental baffle means that the baffle
height is 75% of the I.D. of the shell.
Liquid/petroleum fuel storage tanks are built underground (as in case of petrol pumps), when the storage capacity is less than __________ kilolitres.
45
Le/D for fully open globe value may be around
300
Lug support is
all (a), (b) and (c).
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the use of valve tray, seive tray and bubble cap trays in continuous distillation column.
Maintenance cost for valve and seive trays are comparatively more than bubble cap tray due to their relatively complicated construction features.
With increase in the number of shell passes, the value of FT
increases
Holes of a sieve tray are arranged in triangular pitch of __________ times the hole diameter.
2.5 to 5
In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the minimum shell thickness for carbon steel (inclusive of corrosion allowance) depends on shell diameter and is in the range of __________ mm.
5-11
The stress developed in a material without any permanent set is called the
elastic limit
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the ‘tube pitch’ is defined as the
shortest centre to centre distance between adjacent tubes.
Which of the following is not a valid assumption in continuous binary distillation for calculating the number of equilibrium stages by Mc-Cabe-Thiele’s method ?
Reflux is not a saturated liquid.
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)
η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
The value of fouling factor depends upon the
all (a), (b) and (c).
In case of bubble cap distillation column of diameter greater than 1.2 metres, the cap diameter is roughly about __________ cms.
10
Tube side pressure drop in a 1-2 heat exchanger (for turbulent flow of fluids through the tubes) is about __________ times, that in a 1-1 heat exchanger having the same size & number of tubes and operated at the same liquid flow rate.
8
To keep the power input constant for a stirred vessel operating under fully developed turbulent flow conditions (constant power number), if the impeller diameter is increased by 20%, the impeller speed should be decreased by a factor of
(1.2)^5/3
In a heat exchanger, shell side fluid velocity can be changed by changing the tube
both (a) & (b) (layout & pitch)
Where does the maximum tensile strength occur in a thick cylindrical vessel subjected to internal pressure ?
At the inner surface.
It is not desirable to design a heat exchanger for LMTD correction factor, FT, of less than
0.80
A rivetted joint does not fail by __________ of rivets.
none of these
Triangular pitch tube layout as compared to square pitch in a shell and tube heat exchanger
permits the use of more tubes in a given shell diameter.
Bracket supports are the most suitable for supporting __________ vessels.
thick walled vertical
In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, the shell side cross flow area does not depend upon
none of these
Two iron pipes of the same nominal diameter but different schedule numbers will have the same
inside diameter
Steam side heat transfer co-efficient for design consideration under ordinary condition can be assumed to be about __________ kcal/hr.m2.°C.
7500
Pick out the wrong statement
both (b) and (c).
b. Fouling factor of river water is less than that of sea water.
c. Risers provided in bubble cap trays in the distillation column facilitate the flow of both liquid and vapor.
Lessing ring is formed by the addition of a partition across the centre of a raschig ring, which results in an area increase of about __________ percent.
20
In chemical process equipments, the conical bottom heads used, usually has an apex angle of
60°
Smaller sized packings are generally dumped to the packed columns, and the large ones of size greater than __________ mm are stacked individually, which provides better control over bed porosity and offers lower gas pressure drop.
75
Shell side heat transfer co-efficient in case of square pitch as compared to the triangular pitch under similar condition of fluid flow and tube size is
less
Correct use of ‘factor of safety’ is very important in equipment design. It is defined as the ratio of the
ultimate stress to working stress.
The operating velocity in the absorption tower is usually 40-50% of the flooding velocity. Packed absorption towers are normally designed for a pressure drop of about __________ mm of water column per metre height of packing.
20-40
__________ tray arrangement is recommended for distillation column having diameter up to 4 ft.
Cross flow
What is the value of ‘q’ for saturated liquid feed to a distillation column ?
1
In perforated plate towers, the
all (a), (b) and (c).
a. hole sizes may be around 1/8” or 3/16”.
b. total hole area may be around 6 to 15% of tower cross-sectional area.
c. pressure drop is less compared is similar bubble cap towers.
The main purpose of providing stepping on the trays is to
facilitate handling of large flow rate of liquid.
The operating pressure drop range in a bag filter is about __________ mm water gauge.
50-150
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.
Ellipsoidal
For laminar flow (NRe < 2100) in steel pipe, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 ρ0.18
Pick out the correct statement.
Packed towers are generally preferred over plate towers, if the liquids have a foaming tendency.
Wall thickness of schedule 40 pipe as compared to that of schedule 80 pipe is
less
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a basket type evaporator.
It is used for high viscosity liquor having large rate of scaling.
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the bubble cap tray of a distillation column to give stable operation and even vapour distribution.
none of these.
Speed of the drum of the rotary vacuum filter normally ranges from __________ rpm.
0.1 to 2
A stuffing box is used for
prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts.
Pressure drop (Δp) and the superficial gas mass velocity (G) in case of packed absorption tower operating in the preloading range are related as
Δp = G^2
Pick out the wrong statement.
In an agitated vertical cylinderical reaction vessel, the
dished bottom vessel has very high power consumption.
Needle valves are generally not used for
very large diameter pipes.
Height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) is the height of packing that will give the same separation as one theoretical plate in gas-liquid mass transfer operations like distillation, absorption/stripping and humidification/dehumidification. HETP which is experimentally determined, depends upon the
a. flow rates of each fluid.
b. type and size of packing.
c. concentration of each fluid.
all a, b & c.
Pick out the wrong statement.
a. Safety valves are provided in heat exchangers for removal of non-conden-sables.
b. Liquid metals and dowtherm are used for very high temperature heating.
c. In a shell and tube heat exchanger, high pressure fluid is generally routed through the tube.
d. A loop seal or U-seal is provided in a vertical condenser sub-cooler to prevent quick draining of the condensate.
Safety valves are provided in heat exchangers for removal of non-conden-sables.
With increase in gas flow rate to fabric surface area ratio (Nm3/hr/m2 fabric surface area), the size & the cost of a bag filter
decreases
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the
central dished section and corner torus section.
Number of evaporators which can be used in service in a multiple effect evaporation system is limited by the
both (a) & (b).
Which of the following is used to set the diameter of the distillation column ?
Allowable vapour velocity.
Ponchon Savarit method is based on the use of enthalpy concentration diagram, which contains the bubble point curve (saturated liquid curve), dew point curve (saturated vapour curve) and equilibrium tie lines. As compared to McCabe-Thiele’s method, this method
all ‘a’, ‘b’ & ‘c’.
The optimum size ratio for two mixed reactors in series depends on the kinetics of the reaction and the conversion level. For reaction orders more than one, the
smaller reactor should come first.
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, tube side __________ of the mass velocity.
a.b heat transfer co-efficient is proportional to 0.8th power
c. pressure drop is proportional to the square
both ‘a’ & ‘b’
Which of the following is not a graphical method (but is an analytical method) for the calculation of theoretical number of stages in case of continuous binary distillation?
Sorel-Lewis method.
Saddle supports are used for supporting __________ vessels.
horizontal cylinderical
The diameter of a propeller agitator used in agitation tank ranges from __________ percent of the tank diameter and its peripherial speed is normally 300 to 500 metres/minute.
15 to 30
In packed towers provided with saddle packing, liquid redistributors are positioned at every __________ times column diameter or 6 metres whichever is less.
5-8
Optimum reflux ratio in a continuous distillation column is determined by the
total cost consideration (fixed cost of the column plus the cooling water & steam cost).
Cooling water fouling factors vary in the range of 0.001 to 0.003
(BTU/hr.ft2 . °F)-1
Minimum recommended baffle spacing in a shell and tube heat exchanger is about (where, D = shell diameter )
0.2 D
The maximum liquid gradient over a tray must not exceed
0.5” -1.25”.
An underdesigned steam trap will
back up condensate and cause water hammer in steam line.
The slope of the feed line in distillation opeartion is given by (where, q = fraction of the feed stream that is liquid.)
-q/(1-q)
Speed of industrial paddle agitator ranges from __________ rpm.
20 to 100
__________ strain is measured using a ‘strain rosetter’.
Linear
Thin spherical shells subjected to internal pressure, develop __________ stresses.
radial
With increase in the reflux ratio for a fixed production from a continuous binary distillation column, the __________ decreases.
fixed charges initially
The slope of operating line in the rectifying section of a distillation column is unity, if the reflux ratio is
∞
Vertical vessels are not supported by
saddles
With increase in pressure drop (for a given particle size), the dust collection efficiency of a cyclone separator will
increase
Spherical shaped pressure vessel is considered to be the most ideal, because it can
withstand higher pressure for a given metallic shell thickness.
An adequate clearance between the tray and the shell wall of a distillation column is provided to
allow for thermal expansion and facilitate installation.
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of
ideal trays required to the number of real trays required.
Pick out the wrong statement about the design of a sieve plate column.
An increased weir height improves the tray efficiency at the cost of high plate pressure drop; optimum wear height being 40-90 mm for column pressure above atmospheric and 6-12 mm for vacuum columns.
For segmental downcomers, the chord length is 60-80% of the column diameter. An initial value of downcomer area of 12% is taken in the design.
Width of the calming section provided at the inlet and outlet sides of the plate is 75 mm for column diameter below 1.5 metres and 100 mm for larger diameter columns.
Minimum recommended downcomer residence time for the disengagement of entrained vapour is the same for both foaming and non-foaming liquids, which is about 20 seconds.
Minimum recommended downcomer residence time for the disengagement of entrained vapour is the same for both foaming and non-foaming liquids, which is about 20 seconds.
Generally, no corrosion allowance in wall thickness of a part is required, if the thickness is more than __________ mm.
30
Multiple blade paddle agitator is used for mixing high viscosity liquids/paste in which the paddle diameter is commonly 0.8 times the tank diameter. However, the width of the blade is in the range of __________ times the paddle diameter.
0.1 to 0.25
In a __________ rivetted joint, the rivets in the various rows are opposite to each other.
chain
Pick out the wrong statement:
The tensile strength of a brittle material is less than its compressive strength.
The compressive strength of a ductile material is less than its tensile strength.
In a thick cylindrical shell, the hoop stress is maximum at the inner radius.
The value of crushing load is more than that of buckling load for long colmns.
The value of crushing load is more than that of buckling load for long colmns.
Generally, elliptical dished heads
all (a), (b) and (c)
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the comparative evaluation of performance of the packed tower and the plate tower.
The total weight of a dry plate tower is usually much more than that of a dry packed tower designed for the same duty.
The circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is
pd/2t
Le/D for fully open gate valves would be
b. much less (say 2% than that for fully open globe valves).
c. around 7.
both (b) and (c).
LMTD correction factor is used in heat exchanger design for
multipass shell and tube heat exchanger.
Floating head heat exchangers are used for the
cases where temperature difference between the shell and the tubes is more (>50°C).
The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is
6” dia cap with 4” dia riser.
Compensation against openings in process vessels for giving inlet and outlet connections, for providing sight glasses and manholes etc. is provided for strength and rigidity. The most efficient type of compensation is of __________ type.
nozzle or rim
In case of a continuous distillation column, increase in reflux ratio may result in the
all (a), (b) and (c).
In a distillation column, the minimum residence time for liquid in the downspout is about __________ seconds.
8
Thickness of the frame of a plate and frame filter as compared to that of plates is
more
Which of the following factors affect the pressure drop in a co-current gas-liquid absorption packed tower ?
a. Size, shape, orientation and surface of the packing particles.
b. Density and viscosity of fluids.
c. Fluid flow rates.
All (a), (b) and (c).
The thickness of heat transfer plates used in the plate type heat exchanger ranges from __________ mm, pressed in a single piece provided with grooves & corrugations.
1.25 to 3.125
Rivets are generally specified by the
shank diameter
Length to diameter ratio of most rotary driers is in the range of
4 to 10
Tube wall thickness depends on the cor-rosiveness of the fluids and their operating pressure & temperature and is specified by Birmingham wire gauge (B.W.G)-a number which varies from 8 to 18 with the numbers 14 and 16 being more commonly used. Outside diameter of tubes varies from about 15 to 50 mm; however a tube of less than __________ mm outside diameter is generally not recommended for fouling fluids.
19
Angled baffles are preferred in the agitation tank to control the swirling action; if the viscosity of the liquid to be mixed is about 200 poise. However, the baffle may be completely eliminated for mixing liquids having viscoisty above __________ poise.
600
Ratio of tube length to shell diameter for a shell and tube heat exchanger is
b. 4 : 1 to 8 : 1 for liquid-liquid exchanger.
c. < 4 : 1 for gas-gas exchangers.
both(b) & (c).
The dust collection efficiency of a cyclone separator
none of these.
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer co-efficient is proportional to the tube side (volumetric flow rate)0.8. This is valid, only when the ratio of the tube side film resistance to the total resistance is almost equal to
1
Which of the following types of reactors is the safest from operation point of view ?
A vapor phase reactor.
In a bag filter, the pressure drop increases directly as the
density of the gas and inversely as viscosity of the gas.
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is applied in __________ heat exchangers.
all multipass
Movement of pipeline caused by thermal expansion is taken care by providing
expansion joint.
changes in its direction.
change in the shape of pipeline.
all (a), (b) and (c).
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell
decreases upwards.
In the design of a paddle agitator, the ratio paddle dia/tank dia is normally taken as
0.1
0.8
The design stress, which is more than the damaging stress, is the least unit stress that will render a member unfit for service before the end of its normal life. The design stress factor or factor of safety indicates the margin between design stress and the __________ stress.
damaging
Hole diameter of the seive trays in the distillation column ranges from __________ mm.
3 to 12.5
Factor of safety (i.e., overdesign factor) in heat transfer equipments is about __________ percent more than the actual/theoretical design factor.
15-20
For annular flow of a fluid, the ratio of the equivalent diameter for pressure drop calculation to the equivalent diameter for heat transfer calculation is
d1/(d1+d2)
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the
liquid gradient on the tray.
The minimum shell thickness for tank ≤ 15 metres diameter is limited to __________ mm, for reasons of elastic stability.
5
If ‘D’ is the inside diameter of the shell of a shell and tube heat exchanger, then the baffle spacing is usually in the range of
D/5 or minimum 2” to 5D.
Brass valves are usually made for pipe sizes __________ inches.
≤2
At the following point for a given packing and set of fluids, the pressure drop per metre of packed height, with variation in fluid rates and operating pressure
remains same
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement
results in higher shell side pressure drop.
Pick out the wrong statement about routing of fluids in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Higher pressure fluid stream should be routed through the shell side.
The necessary wall thickness for a metallic storage vessel is a function of the
a. ultimate tensile strength (or yield point) of the material and operating temperature.
b. operating pressure and welding/joint efficiency.
c. diameter of the vessel.
all (a); (b) and (c).
In a multiple effect evaporator system having ‘n’ effects, the amount of water evaporated per unit surface area in approximately equal to __________ times that in a single effect.
(1/n)th
Pick out the wrong statement
In a flanged and standard dished head, the crown radius is ≤ shell outside diameter.
In a flanged and shallow dished head, the crown radius is > shell outside diameter.
Flat head covers are most suitable for larger vessels operating at very high pressure.
Flanged only head is a type of flat head in which gradual change in the shape at the centre results in reduced local stresses.
Flat head covers are most suitable for larger vessels operating at very high pressure.
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a horizontal tube evaporator.
It is unsuitable for concentrating those liquids, which form a scale or deposit salt.
It is suitable for process, in which the final product is a liquor instead of solid.
Its usual dimensions are: tube dia = 2-3 cms; evaporator body dia = 1-4 metres and evaporator height = 2.5-4 metres.
Liquor flows inside the tube, while the steam is outside submerging the tube.
Liquor flows inside the tube, while the steam is outside submerging the tube.
Weep holes provided in the plates of a distillation column
facilitate draining out liquid from a tray when the unit is not in operation.
are normally located near the overflow weir so that any delivery of liquid during operation follows approximately the same path as the overflow fluid.
must be large enough (usually 1/4” to 5/8” dia) to prevent plugging but should not deliver excessive amount of fluid during operation.
all (a), (b) and (c).
Steam is preferred to be used as a heating medium in heat exchangers, because of its
high latent heat.
__________ shapedroof is the most commonly used roof for cylinderical storage tanks.
Conical
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to ‘Horton sphere’ used for the storage of liquid ammonia.
Diameter of Horton sphere is normally 6 to 25 metres and it is supported by 6 to 12 nos. tubular or rolled section column.
Thickness of spherical shell is half that of the cylinderical vessel under same operating pressure condition. Besides, the ratio of surface area to volume is less for sphere than any other shape ; hence insulation required is less.
Horton sphere is used for the storage of gases and volatile liquid at a moderate pressure of 1 to 10 kg/cm2 .
Horton sphere is used for the storage of liquid at sub-zero temperature at very high pressure upto 200 kg/cm2 .
Horton sphere is used for the storage of liquid at sub-zero temperature at very high pressure upto 200 kg/cm2 .
Value of Peclet number = ∞, is the representative of
plug flow.
Le/D for a Tee (used as elbow, entering branch) would be
both (b) and (c). (b.more than that for Tee (used as elbow, entering run). c. around 90.)
In most of the shell and tube heat exchangers, the tube pitch is generally __________ the tube diameter.
1.25-1.50 times
In a distillation column, bubble caps are located on trays with a pitch of __________ times the outside diameter of the caps.
1.3 to 2
1.2 to 3.8 cms is the value of the
a. downcomer liquid seal in case of a balanced tray design.
b. static submergence in case of a bubble cap tray for column operating under pressure (≥ 1 atm.).
c.skirt clearance for bubble caps.
all (a), (b) and (c).
Accidents in chemical plants are mostly due to
faulty operating procedures.
For identical operating conditions, the pressure drop over __________ tray is the highest out of the following.
bubble cap
A perforated plate has holes of diameter dn arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by
(ph - dt)/ph
__________ is the determining factor for the number of bubble caps to be used per tray.
Permissible slot velocity
Pick out the wrong statement about distillation operation
Distillation under vacuum is a substitute for steam distillation.
In differential (simple) distillation, the vapour is removed as soon as it is formed without appreciable condensation.
In flash (equilibrium) distillation, a definite fraction of liquid is vaporised in such a way that the evolved vapour & residual liquids are in equilibrium with each other.
Flash distillation, differential distillation & steam distillation are all continuous distillation processes.
Flash distillation, differential distillation & steam distillation are all continuous distillation processes.
Low pressure steam (with saturation temperature between 105 to 120°C) is usually used in the vacuum evaporators, which normally employ a vacuum of about __________ mm Hg (referred to a 760 mm mercury barometer).
650
Which of the following is the best tube material from thermal conductivity point of view alone?
Copper
Normal screwed fittings are used for pipes upto a diameter of __________ inches.
3
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally
not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16”.
Diameter of the seive tray column is determined by the
upper limit of the vapour velocity.
For a given fluid, as the pipe diameter increases, the pumping cost
decreases
Maximum acceptable total liquid gradient over a tray is about __________ mm.
12.5
In case of a ‘thin’ pressure vessel, the ratio of its diameter to wall thickness is
> 10
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the
tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction.
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because
of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation.
In common bubble cap distillation column design practice, riser area is approximately equal to (where, Aa = Annular passage area, and Sa = Slot area)
Aa = Sa
Heat transfer co-efficient, hG(Kcal/hr.m2 .°C) and mass velocity of air, G (kg/hr.m2 ) for air flow parallel to the surface in case of constant drying rate in batch drying is related as hG = 0.0176G0.8. But when the flow of air perpendicular to the surface is encountered, this equation changes to
hG = 1.004G0.37
In the agitators, the power required will be changed with the increase of diameter of agitator (D) as
D5
Apex angle of conical heads used in the bottom heads of chemical process equipments is usually
60°
Pressure drop due to pipe fittings can be estimated by the equation,
, where, Le = equivalent length of straight pipeline which will incur the same frictional loss as the fitting and D = diameter of the fitting. The value of (dimensionless) for 45° elbow and 180° close return bends would be respectively around
45 and 75
A pressure vessel is said to be made of ‘thick’ shell, if the ratio of its diameter to wall thickness is
10
Rate of filtrate delivery is inversely proportional to the
both (a) and (b)
(filtering area & the pressure difference driving force.
viscosity of filtrate.)
Tube side heat transfer co-efficient for turbulent flow of liquid through tubes is proportional to
G0.8
Circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin cylindrical vessel under internal pressure is __________ the longitudinal stress.
twice
The dust collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitator increases with increase in the
electrode area.
For storing hazardous chemicals in large storage tanks, the minimum safe distance between the two tanks should range between __________ times the tank diameter.
1 to 1.5
Which of the following factors determine the amount of entrainment in a distillation column ?
All (a), (b) and (c).
Plate spacing.
Depth of liquid above the bubble cap slots.
Vapour velocity in the volume between the plates.
The absorption factor is defined as (where, S1 = slope of the equilibrium curve, S2 = slope of the operating line)
S1/S2
In shell and tube heat exchangers, straight tie rods are used to
hold baffle in space.
In a rotary drier, the average retention time of solid is(where Z = length of the drier, metres ρ = apparent solid density, kg/m3 L = flow rate of dry solids, kg/see. m2 drier cross-section H = hold up of solid.)
Z H rho /L
In case of design of a shell and tube heat exchanger,
all (a), (b) & (c).
In a cylinderical vessel subjected to internal pressure, the longitudinal stress σL and the circumferential stress, σn are related by
σh = 2 σL
Nominal size of a pipe is an indication of its __________ diameter.
approximate
Excessive liquid gradient on a tray may result in the
all (a), (b) and (c).
The ratio of tube length to shell diameter in case of liquid shell and tube heat exchanger ranges from
4 to 8
In a double pipe concentric heat exchanger, the equivalent diameter of annulus for heat transfer would be (where, D1 and D2 are I.D. of inner and outer pipes)
D2^2 - D1^2/D1^2
What is the slope of the operating line in the stripping section of a distillation column ?
> 1
__________ shaped roof is most commonly used for cylindrical tanks.
Cone
In a thin cylindrical shell, the hoop stress is __________ stress.
circumferential tensile
Commercial packed scrubbers are normally designed for a pressure drop range of __________ mm water coloumn per metre of packed height.
17-34
The retention time of material in a rotary dryer depends upon its
all (a), (b) and (c)
In actual operation of a bubble cap distillation tower, the __________ at the bottom of the tower is more than that at the top of the tower.
all (a), (b) and (c)
Rotary driers are most economically designed for the number of heat transfer units (HTU) from
1.5 to 2.5
The difficulty of liquid distribution in packed towers is accentuated, when the ratio of tower diameter to packing diameter is
< 7
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator
both (b) & (c).
An increase in the liquid resistance to interphase mass transfer and a resultant reduction in plate efficiency is caused by
all (a), (b) and (c).
In the design of a bag filter, the gas temperature is an important consideration, as it affects the
all (a), (b) & (c)
With increase in temperature drop (in a shell and tube heat exchanger), the LMTD correction factor, FT
decreases very rapidly
The normal range of velocity of steam in pipes is __________ m/sec.
80-100
__________ dished head is the strongest of all.
Hemispherical
Pick out the correct statement.
Risers are generally not connected to the plate in a distillation coloumn by bolts, rivets or welding.
“A claming section” before the liquid flows into the downcomer is privided to
permit release of entrained vapour in the liquid.
The units of Young’s modulus of elasticity and __________ are the same.
stress
In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance
all (a), (b) & (c).
Vertical condenser is advantageous to the horizontal condenser from operation point of view, when
both the functions of condensation & sub cooling are carried out in a single unit.
Hazards associated with the relief valve leakage for extremely hazardous material storage can be taken care of by providing
rupture diaphragm
Minimum baffle spacing recommended in a shell and tube heat exchanger is equal to
5 cms
__________ liquor is best handled in a long tube vertical evaporator.
Foamy
Hold up of material in a operating rotary drier is in the range of
0.05 to 0.15
A binary liquid azeotropic mixture has boiling point higher than either of the components, when it shows __________ deviation from Raoult’s Law.
negative
The testing pressure of storage tanks and pressure vessels designed as per Indian standard codes should be about __________ times.the design pressure.
1.5 to 2
Flanges are connected to pipes by
all (a), (b) and (c)
The ratio of down take area to cross-sectional area of the tube, for calendria type evaporator ranges from
0.5 to 1
Shortest distance between two tubes is
called tube clearance.
__________ tower is the most suitable gas-liquid contacting device involving highly corrosive fluids.
Packed
At equal mass velocities, the values of film co-efficients for gases as compared to that for liquids are generally.
lower
The ratio of the largest load in a test to the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen is called the __________ stress.
ultimate
Baffle spacing is generally __________ the I.D. of the shell.
both (b) and (c)
The wall thickness of thin cylindrical shell with hemispherical ends is __________ that of the spherical ends.
more than
A ‘rupture disc’ is provided in chemical equipments as an accessory meant for
relieving excess pressure.
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the
all (a), (b) & (c).
In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, the problem of differential expansion between the shell and tube passes is taken care of by using a
either (a) or (b)
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the shortest centre to centre distance between the adjacent tubes is
called tube pitch.
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of
preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening.
Minimum tube pitch recommended for shell and tube heat exchangers is about __________ times the outside diameter of the tube.
1.25
Liquid redistribution should be done in a packed tower packed with raschig rings every 6 metres or __________ times the column diameter, whichever is lower.
2.5-3.0
Slope of countercurrent flow rotary drier is in the range of __________ meter/metre.
0 to 0.08
In case of saddle packing (e.g., berl and intralox saddles), the maximum size of the packing should not exceed __________ of the column diameter.
1/15th
Seamless pipe is made
both (b) and (c).
The thermal stress in a metallic bar does not depend upon the
cross-sectional area.
The minimum baffle height should be
twice the impeller diameter.
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft3/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft3 μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
To avoid the tearing off the plate of an edge, the margin (i.e., the minimum distance from the centre of the rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate) should be equal to
1.5 d
The normal range of velocity of water in pipes is __________ m/sec.
1-2
Baffles are provided in a shell and tube heat exchanger to increase the turbulence and velocity of the shell side fluid. Which of the following shaped baffles does not fall in the category of transverse baffle ?
Flat plate extending across the wall
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design
irrespective of the shape of the vessel.
In a __________ rivetted joint, the number of rivets decreases from the innermost row to the outermost row.
diamond
Large process vessels operating under extreme temperature and pressure conditions are normally clad/ lined with materials like stainless steel, aluminium, nickel & its alloys, copper & its alloys and titanium. The cladding thickness is generally about __________ percent of the total thickness.
10 to 20
Heat transfer co-efficient for a horizontal condenser as compared to a vertical condenser operating under similar conditions is
about 3 times
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the distillation column.
Generally, a skirt clerance of 0.5” to 1.5’ is recommended to prevent plugging of the slots by residue build up.
The purpose of the slot is to disperse the gas into the liquid in the form of small bubbles.
If sufficient slot area is not provided, the gas may pass through the skirt clearance.
none of these.
The longitudinal stress induced in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is
pd/4t
In distillation columns, bubble caps are held in place over trays by
both (b) and (c)
The buckling tendency of compression members is always in the direction of the
least radius of gyration.
In case of plain carbon steel, butt welded joints are used for shell plate thickness ≤ __________ cms.
3.8
The average velocity in the tubes of a 1-4 heat exchanger is __________ times that in 1-1 heat exchanger having the same size & number of tubes and operated at same liquid flow rate.
4
Hoop (circumferential) stress induced in a thin walled ‘Horton Sphere’ used for the storage of liquid ammonia under pressure is
pD/2t
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should
preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning.
The raio, propeller agitator dia/tank dia is normally taken as
0.15-030
A/an __________ is used for changing the direction of a pipeline.
elbow
Maximum plate efficiency is achieved in case of __________ flow.
cross
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the
ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD.
The clearance between two tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger is known as ‘ligament’, whose minimum value is __________ the outside diameter of the tube, but in no case it should be less than 4.5 mm.
one fourth
The ratio for the rate of washing to the final rate of filtration in a washing type of plate and frame filter is
0.25
Normally, the length to diameter ratio of rotary dryers varies form 4 to 10 and for its economic operation, the number of transfer units (NTU) for such dryers varies from
1.5-2.5
Value of Peclet number = 0, is the representative of
complete back mixing.
Poisson’s ratio of a material is the ratio of unit lateral strain to the unit axial elongation within its elastic limit. The value of Poisson’s ratio for structural and pressure vessel steel may be taken as
0.3
Removable connection of tubes to tube sheet is called
ferrule
Stress-strain diagram for low carbon steel/mild steel is shown below in the Fig.
elastic limit
Typical static submergence for bubble cap plate column operating at atmospheric pressure may be around
0.5”
In the allocated cap area, bubble caps are generally arranged on equilateral triangular pitch. Number of caps fixed on a plate is with a
either ‘a’ or ‘b’.
The length of straight rectangular weir used on cross-flow trays is generally __________ the column diameter.
0.6-0.8 times
Le/D for couplings and unions would be
negligible
What is the slope of the operating line in the rectifying section of a distillation coloumn ?
<1
Stage efficiency for packed tower varies with the
all (a), (b) and (c).
The minimum plate spacing in most of the pertroleum refinery distillation columns (of dia > 3 ft) is normally __________ inches.
18
Joint efficiency (J) for a seamless pipe is
1
For a given design of bubble cap, the number of bubble caps to be used per tray is set by the
allowable gas velocity through the slots.
The shell side pressure drop in a shell and tube heat exchanger is maximum for __________ baffle.
orifice
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to
give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation.
Back-trapping in a distillation column results due to
excessive liquid gradient over the tray.
For a cylinderical vessel of moderate height, the weld joint efficiency for joints parallel to the cylinderical axis is given as 1.0, while for joints along the girth (circumference) it is given as 0.8. In calculating the shell wall thickness using code formula for an internally pressurised cylinderical vessel, what value of weld joint efficiency should be used ?
0.8
Diameter of bubble caps used in high pressure columns is __________ as compared to that used in identical vacuum columns.
more
The ideal size of round bubble caps to be used in industrial distillation column having a diameter of 3-6 metres is __________ cms.
15
Lap joints are preferred for plates having thickness __________ mm.
> 3
In a distillation column, minimum clearance to be maintained betweeen the overflow weir and the last row of the bubble caps is __________ cms.
7.5
Which of the following lengths of heat exchanger tubes are normally not used in practice ?
10 m
A pipe is generally made of circular cross-section, because a circular cross-section has the
both a and b
In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the effect of L/D on inside film heat transfer co-efficient (hi) vanishes after a Reynold number of
10000
Equivalent diameter for heat transfer calculation for a duct of square cross-section having each side as ‘d’ will be
d
A cylindrical storage tank can have a self supported conical roof,
if its diameter is less than 15-20metres
For high pressure process equipments/vessels, the connected nozzle should be
flanged
Smoker’s equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the
relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers).
Column support for the roof of cylindrical storage tank must be provided for
large diameter tanks
For a cylinderical internally pressurised vessel, which of the following closure types would withstand highest pressure, if each closure is of the same material and thickness ?
ellipsoidal (2 : 1)
In inclined long tube vertical evaporators, the tubes are inclined at an angle of
45°
In a continuous distillation column, the optimum reflux ratio ranges from __________ times the minimum reflux ratio.
1.1 to 1.5
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the
circumferential pipewall tension.
In the case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the logarithmic mean temperature difference
is always less than arithmetic average value.
Skirt support is the most suitable for supporting __________ vessels.
tall vertical
Baffles may be eliminated for
high viscosity liquids (> 600 poise)
Generally, as the length of the liquid path on a tray is increased beyond 5 ft, the overall column efficiency
increases
In packed absorption tower, onset of flooding usually occurs at a pressure drop of about __________ mm of water column per metre height of packing.
50-75
For pipe flows, head is proportional to __________ at constant capacity (where D = pipe diameter ).
1/D5
Friction factor for turbulent flow in a new pipe is given by
f = 0.04/Nre^016
The minimum tray spacing in distillation column of diameter less than 3 ft is normally __________ inches.
6
Oxygen carrying pipelines in chemical industries are coloured with __________ colour.
blue
Normally, the ratio of the total riser area to the tower cross sectional area (for bubble cap towers of diameter more than 3 ft) is around
01 to 0.2
Pick out the wrong statement about the design of seive plate column and the bubble cap column.
Weir height for a bubble cap plate column is the same as that for a seive plate column.
Maximum size of the raschig rings used in a packed tower is about __________ of the coloumn diameter.
1/30th
Longitundinal stress induced in a thin walled cylindrical storage vessel is
pD/4t
The type of stress developed in a metallic bar on subjecting it to a change in temperature without allowing it to be deformed is __________ stress.
thermal
The safe distance of habitation from a hazardous chemical plant (TLV of its product < 1000 ppm) should be about __________ kms.
25
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Disk and doughnut baffle is the most commonly used baffle.
Corrosion allowance in the design of pressure vessel/chemical equipment is not necessary, if
both b & c
Maximum allowable vapour velocity in a bubble cap tower is determined by the
entrainment considerations.
Normally, the plate thickness of the bottoms and roofs of vertically cylindrical storage vessels as compared to that of the cylindrical shell is
less
The practical representative values of HETP for a number of commercial operations lies within a range of __________ metre.
0.4-0.9
Of the pressure vessels, with same thickness but different diameters, which one withstands higher pressure ?
Smaller dia vessel.
Reflux ratio variation in a distillation column is between
minimum and infinity
Width and depth of grooves in the tube sheet holes normally are __________ inch respectively.
1/8 and 1/64
In condenser, the cooling water is passed in the tube side in a pass arrangement, because
it reduces heat transfer area.
In packed towers provided with pall rings liquid redistributors are positioned at heights of every 6 metres or 5-10 times the column diameter, whichever is less. Maximum size of the pall rings should not exceed __________ of the column diameter.
1/10-1/15th
Height of the flights in the rotary drier is in the range of
0.08 to 0.12 d
Vapor velocity in a distillation column for non-foaming mixture is in the range of __________ times the flooding velocity.
0.6 to 0.7
Cylindrical storage tanks used for the storage of volatile liquids (e.g., naphtha) have __________ roofs.
floating
Larger depth of liquid on the trays of a distillation column
both a & b
Pick out the wrong statement.
Plate efficiency increases with increase in superficial vapour velocity till entrainment limit.
Increase in depth of the liquid about the slots increases the plate efficiency, particularly if the liquid depth is < 1”.
Too small a plate spacing can cause a low efficiency, if the vapour velocity is greater than the allowable value.
none of these
Pick out the wrong statement.
In practical operation, distillation towers having diameter 3-6 metres equipped with bubble cap (round) size of 15 cms are used.
Height of packing in a packed tower is about 3 times the column diameter for raschig rings and about 5 to 10 times the column diameter for saddle packing.
In a seive tray, the minimum hole diameter is equal to the tray thickness.
In a stainless steel seive tray, the minimum hole diameter is equal to 10 times the plate thickness.
In a stainless steel seive tray, the minimum hole diameter is equal to 10 times the plate thickness.
In the downcomer of a distillation column, the minimum recommended residence time is about __________ seconds.
5
For identical situation, condensing film coefficient in case of a horizontal condenser is almost __________ the value expected in case of vertical condenser.
thrice
Diameter of rivet hole (d, mm) and the plate thickness (t, mm) are related by Unwin’s formula as
d = 1.6 sqrt t
A binary liquid azeotropic mixture has boiling point lower than either of the components, when it shows __________ deviation from Raoult’s Law.
positive
In which of the following evaporators, steam is fed inside the tube while the liquor is outside the tube ?
Horizontal tube evaporator
A single pass air heater is connected to a two pass unit. For the air flow rate and other conditions remaining the same, the film heat transfer co-efficient for air will vary in the ratio of
2^0.8
In a multipass shell and tube heat exchanger, the baffles on shell side is primarily provided for
creating turbulence.
For turbine agitator, the impeller diameter is about
0.3 to 0.5 d
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having triangular pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by
4(0.86p^2-nd^2/4)/nd
If a single tube pass heat exchanger is converted to two passes; for the same flow rate, the pressure drop per unit length in tube side will __________ times.
increase by 2^1.6
Pick out the wrong statement.
A 90° welded elbow is diagrammatically represented by
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a long tube vertical evaporator.
Tube dia is 3-6 cms, while tube length in 3-6 metres.
Steam is fed to the shell, whereas the liquor is filled inside the tube.
Liquor level is maintained at l/3rd to 1/2 of the height of the tube.
none of these.
none of these
Which of the following is the most common type of baffle used in industrial shell and tube heat exchanger ?
25% cut segmental baffle
What is the minimum recommended ligament for square pitch arrangement in case of heat exchangers ?
6.5 mm
Pick out the correct statement
Centre to centre distance between two consecutives rivets in a row is called the pitch.
A rivetted joint made in overlapping plates is called butt joint.
Hole size drilled in rivetted plates is less than the actual size of the rivet.
none of these.
Centre to centre distance between two consecutives rivets in a row is called the pitch.
Safety valves are provided in chemical equipments to guard against excessive
pressure/pressure fluctuation
The equivalent diameter for pressure drop is __________ that for heat transfer.
not related with
Most of the storage vessels/tanks are made cylindrical, because of the fact that a cylinder
both a & b
The distance between the top of the slots and the liquid surface when the static liquid is just ready to flow over the overflow weir is called
static submergence
Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the
resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps & risers and the flow of gas.
The centre to centre distance between two consecutive baffles in a shell and tube heat exchanger is called the baffle pitch or baffle spacing, which is more than 1/5th the I.D. of the shell. Which of the following is not a function of the baffles ?
To increase the tube side heat transfer co-efficient by inducing turbulence.
A high vapour velocity is required for high plate efficiency in a seive plate coloumn. The satisfactory value of operating vapor velocity for design purpose in seive plate column is about __________ percent of the flooding velocity.
80
The approximate liquid depth in an agitation tank is equal to (where, d = tank diameter)
d
Baffle width is normally taken as __________ times the tank diameter.
0.1-0.12
A cylinderical pressure vessel of volume 6 πm3 has to be designed to withstand a maximum internal pressure of 10 atm. The allowable design stress of the material is 125N/mm2 and corrosion allowance is 2 mm. The thickness of the vessel for a length/diameter ratio of 3 will be close to
10 mm
Which of the following packing materials provides for maximum mass transfer ?
Cross-partition rings.
__________ of water makes it a widely used coolant in heat exchangers.
High specific heat
The equivalent diameter for fluid flow through a channel of constant non-circular cross section of area ‘A’ is given by (where, P = perimeter of the channel in contact with the fluid)
4 A/P
Fouling factor must be included in the calculation of over all design heat transfer coefficient, when the liquid
containing suspended solids flows at low velocity.
Lug support is meant for supporting __________ vessels.
small
Overall mass transfer co-efficient in case of absorption of __________ in water is based on the gas film co-efficient only, as the mass transfer process is gas film (phase) controlling.
NH3
Which tube arrangement in a heat exchanger would facilitate highest heat transfer rate ?
Triangular pitch.
In case of 1.5” heat exchanger tubes, the inside flow area __________ with decrease in BWG.
decrease
Cylindrical pressure vessels in horizontal condition is generally supported on a __________ support.
saddle
Pressure drop per tray in the atmospheric distillation column is about __________ psi.
0.07 - 0.12
Welded joint efficiency in the design of chemical process equipment is taken as
0.85
The thickness of segmental baffles (25 -35% cut truncated plates usually) is generally __________ the tube wall thickness.
twice
The safe height (h) to diameter (d) ratio (i.e., h/d) for liquid/petro fuel storage tank of capacity more than 45 kilolitres is less than
1
For given number of passes, pitch & tube diameter, the maximum number of tubes that can be accommodated in a shell of tripled inside diameter will be __________ times.
considerably more than 9
The ratio of linear stress to linear strain is termed as the
modulus of elasticity
__________ head is the most economical for cylindrical vessels designed for operating at high pressure (> 15 atm.).
Ellipsoidal
Bubble cap plate column is
a finite stage contactor.
In seive plate column, holes are drilled or punched in sizes ranging from 2.5 to 12 mm (5 mm being widely used). The hole pitch is normally __________ times the hole diameter to give the required hole area.
2.5 to 4.0
Pick out the wrong statement.
Rivetting provides a permanent fastening method.
The joint made by overlapping of one plate over the other, and then rivetting the two plates together with two rows of rivets is called ‘double rivetted butt joint’.
Shank diameter of the rivets should be less than the size of the hole drilled in the plate for rivetting.
The efficiency of a rivetted joint is the ratio of the strength of the rivetted joint to the strength of the solid plate.
The joint made by overlapping of one plate over the other, and then rivetting the two plates together with two rows of rivets is called ‘double rivetted butt joint’.
The force due to wind load acting on a tall vessel depends upon its
all (a), (b) & (c).
Bubble cap diameter used for the distillation column having diameter ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 metres is about __________ mm.
100
Power required for agitation depends upon the
all (a), (b) and (c).
Tube height in a calendria type evaporator is normally less than __________ metres.
2
Pick out the wrong statement.
Lug supports are less expensive than other type of supports.
A pipe is differentiated from a tube by the fact that a pipe has a greater wall thickness compared to the tube.
A reducer is used to change the direction of a pipe in a straight run.
The method of fixing tubes to a tube sheet by expanding is called ‘tube rolling’.
A reducer is used to change the direction of a pipe in a straight run.
For a 25 mm hole drilled in plates to be rivetted, the shank diameter of the rivet should be __________ mm.
23
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)
4(^2-nd^2/4)/nd
Optimum economic pipe diameter for fluid flow is determined by the
total cost considerations (pumping cost plus fixed cost of the pipe).
Pressure differential maintained across a continuous rotary vacuum filter is in the range of __________ mm Hg column.
250 to 500
Vertical storage vessels are never supported by __________ support.
saddle
In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be
more than that for fluid flow.
Elastic failure of a material occurs, when the tensile stress equals yield strength, yield point or the elastic limit. Also, the elastic failure occurs according to maximum strain theory, when the maximum tensile strain equals (where, σ = yield strength and E = modulus of elasticity)
σ/E
In a pressure vessel containing multiple openings of various dimensions at different parts, stress concentration at the edges of the opening is maximum which becomes negligibly small beyond the area covered by __________ times the hole diameter.
two
What is the slope of the feed line, if the feed to a distillation column is a saturated liquid ?
∞
Filtration rate is affected by the
all (a), (b) and (c).
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by
all (a), (b) and (c).
In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller diameter tubes
can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter hence the cost of the heat exchanger would be less.
Le/D for 90° elbow (medium radius) and 90°square elbow would be respectively around
25 and 60
__________ heat exchanger is also known as ‘hair pin type’ exchanger,
Double pipe
What is the value of ‘q’ for saturated vapor feed to a distillation column ?(where q = fraction of the feed stream that is liquid.)
0
In hydrostatic testing of welded pipe (for leakage, strength etc.) the ratio of minimum hydrostatic test pressure to internal design pressure is around
1.5
Frame thickness in the plate and frame filter press is normally in the range of __________ inches.
0.25 to 8
Cylinderical shell thickness of rotary drier is generally __________ mm.
6-8
The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is termed as the
Poisson’s ratio
The distance between the centre of a rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate is called
margin
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the
all (a), (b) and (c).
A minimum clearance of about __________ mm is maintained between the distillation column wall and the bubble cap.
38
Pick out the wrong statement.
none of these
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to shell and tube heat exchanger.
Bracket supports are used for horizontal shell, while saddle support is used for vertical shell.
Wind load consideration in the design of a support can be neglected, when the vessel is
short (< 2 m) and housed indoor.
Souders Brown equation given by, , is used for the calculation of the __________ in a continuous distillation column.
diameter of the bubble cap column
The ratio of volumes of the mixed reactor to the plug flow reactor (for identical feed composition, flow rate, conversion, and for all positive reaction orders) is always
> 1
Steam economy is defined as the amount of evaporation per unit amount of steam used, while the capacity is the total evaporation obtained per hour. Use of multiple effect in evaporation
both b & c
Le/D for a Tee (used as elbow, entering run) would be around
60
Log mean temperature difference in case of multi-pass shell and tube heat exchanger is always
less than arithmetic mean value.
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.
either (a) or (b), whichever is larger
Tubes are fixed to the tube sheet (a thick circular metallic plate) by the method of tube rolling and brazing (non-removable) or ferrule connection (removable). Thickness of the tube, sheet is normally __________ the outside diameter of the tube but in no case it should be less than 22 mm (7/8”).
equal to
A shell may by termed as thin if its thickness to diameter ratio is less than 0.1. The factor which can be neglected in the calculation of membrane stresses is
bending
Scale up problem in design based on the similarity concept takes into account __________ similarity.
all of these
__________ closure is the weakest enclosure for cylindrical vessels.
Conical or flat plate
Which of the following efficiencies can be greater than 100% ?
Murphree plate efficiency.
Theoretically calculated diameter of the stripping section of the continuous rectification column is __________ that of the enriching section.
more than
Theoretically calculated diameter of the stripping section of the continuous rectification column is _____ that of the enriching sectionz
more than
