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Intro PTA > Procedures: Ultrasound > Flashcards

Procedures: Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound was first used when and by who?

A

19th Century by the United States using SONAR

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2
Q

Why were the damaging underwater life?

A

Because sound waves were heating it up

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3
Q

More recently, it was found that ultrasound could be used clinically why?

A

Because it can heat tissue w/ a high collagen content, such as tendons, ligaments, or fascia

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4
Q

Power

A

The amount of energy per unit of time(Watts)

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5
Q

Intensity

A

the power per unit area of the sound head(Watts/cm2)

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6
Q

Frequency (def.)

A

the # of compression rarefaction cycles per unit of time(Relates to depth of penetration)

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7
Q

What is the therapeutic ultrasound frequency?

A

Between 0.7 and 3.3 MHz

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8
Q

What frequency is considered best for treating tissue up to 5 cm deep?

A

1 MHz

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9
Q

What frequency is considered best for treating tissue up to 1-2 cm deep?

A

3 MHz

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10
Q

Increasing the frequency causes what?

A

Higher concentration of US in the superficial tissue

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11
Q

Duty Cycle

A

The proportion of the total tx time the US is on

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12
Q

How can duty cycle be expressed?

A

As a percentage or a ratio.
Ex.20% or 1:5
20% means it is on 20% of the time and off 80%

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13
Q

Continuous Ultrasound

A

The delivery of ultrasound throughout the entire tx period

100% duty cycle

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14
Q

Continuous Ultrasound produces what effects on tissue?

A

Thermal effects

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15
Q

Pulsed Ultrasound

A

the intermittent delivery of US throughout the tx period

general see 10%, 20%, or 50% in clinic

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16
Q

Pulsed Ultrasound minimizes what and provides what effect?

A

It minimizes thermal effects and provides nonthermal effects

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17
Q

Effective Radiating Area

A

The area of the transducer where the energy radiates

this area is smaller than the area of the treatment head

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18
Q

Spatial Peak Intensity

A

The peak intensity of the US output over the area of transducer

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19
Q

Beam Nonuniformity Ratio (BNR)

A

The ration of the spatial peak intensity to the spatial average intensity
(For most units, this is usually between 5:1 & 6:1)

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20
Q

If BNR is 5:1 , w/ the spatial average intenisty set at 1 W/cm2, the spatial peak intensity is what?

A

As high as 5 W/cm2

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21
Q

Absoption

A

The conversion of mechanical energy into heat

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22
Q

Reflection

A

Redirection of the US beam away from the surface at an angle equal & opposite to the beam

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23
Q

What do we use to prevent reflection?

A

Gel or lotion

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24
Q

Refraction

A

redirection of an US beam

when the beam enters the tissue at one angle it is redirected within the tissue in a new angle

25
Q

Attenuation

A

The degree in the US intensity as it travels through the tissue(occurs as a result of absorption, reflection, and refraction)

26
Q

Standing Wave

A

occurs when the ultrasound transducer & a reflecting surface are the exact wave length apart

27
Q

How can Standing Waves be avoided?

A

Move the US head around in a steady pace

28
Q

Cavitation

A

Gas filled bubbles that are formed by the US

29
Q

Stable Cavitation is thought to be on of the mechanisms for what?

A

Nonthermal effects of US

30
Q

Phonophoresis

A

the application of topical drug w/ US ( can be absorbed systemically)

31
Q

Ultrasound Can:

A
  • Accelerate metabolic rate
  • Reduce Pain
  • Alter nerve conduction rates
  • Increase circulation
  • increase tissue extensibility
32
Q

Ultrasound is ideal for heating tissue w/ increased collagen such as?

A
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Joint Capsules
  • Fascia
  • Scar tissue
33
Q

Why is it not ideal for heating muscles?

A

Because muscle has a low absorption coefficent

34
Q

Factors that affect the ultrasound’s temperature increase includes:

A
  • Tissue Type
  • Frequency
  • Intensity
  • Duration
35
Q

What will happen if the intensity is too high?

A

The patient will complain of deep pain

36
Q

What will happen if the intensity is too low?

A

The patient may not feel an increase in tissue temperature

37
Q

The longer the duration….

A

The higher the tissue heating(5 to 10 min duration)

38
Q

Nonthermal Effects of US(part 1)

A
  • Increased intracellular calcium lvls, which stimulates the syntheses of proteins
  • Increasing skin & membrane permeability
  • Increasing mast cell degranulation
39
Q

Nonthermal Effects of US(part 2)

A
  • Promoting macrophage responsiveness

- Increasing the rate of protein synthesis by fibroblasts and tendon cells

40
Q

What frequency should be used when treating tissue up to 5 cm deep?

A

1 mhz

41
Q

What frequency should be used when treating tissue up to 1-2 cm deep?

A

3.3 Mhz

42
Q

What duty cycle is recommended for nonthermal effects?

A

20%

43
Q

Parameters for: Soft Tissue Stretching

A

Frequency: 1 MHZ
Intensity: 1.5

44
Q

Parameters for: Pain Control

A

Continuous 100%
Frequency: 1 to 3 MHZ (depending on tissue depth)
Intensity: .5 to 3.0 W/cm2
Duration: 3 to 10 min

45
Q

Parameters for: Dermal Ulcers

A

Pulsed 20%
Frequency: 3 MHZ
Intensity: 0.8 to 1.0 W/cm2
Duration: 5-10 min

46
Q

Parameters for: Surgical Skin Incisions

A 
Pulsed 20%
Frequency: No conclusion on which is best
Intensity: 0.5 to 0.8 W/cm2
Duration: 3-5 min
Time: 3-5 times per week
47
Q

Parameters for: Tendon Injuries Post-op

A

Continuous or Pulsed
Frequency: 1 or 3 MHZ
Intensity: 0.5 to 2.5 W/cm2
Duration: 3 to 5 min

48
Q

Parameters for: Ligament Injuries Post-op

A

Pulsed US 0.5 to 1.0 W/cm2

49
Q

Parameters for: Bone Fractures

A

Pulsed 20%
Frequency: 1.5 Mhz
Intensity: .15w/cm2
Duration: 15-20 minutes, Daily

50
Q

Parameters for: Phonophoresis

A

Pulsed 20%
Frequency: 1 or 3 Mhz
Intensity: 0.5 to 0.75 w/cm2
Duration: 5-10 min

51
Q

What intensity should be used for 1 mhz

A

1.5 w/cm2

52
Q

What intensity should be used for 3 Mhz?

A

0.8 w/cm2

53
Q

In what ways can US be applied to dermal ulcers?

A

Applying gel & US to the intact skin around the wound
Put a coupling sheet directly over a wound
Performing US near the wound under water

54
Q

it is thouht that US is beneficial for surgical skin incisions because it has the ability to do what?

A

Improve blood circulation
Limited ischemic necrosis
Facilitation of tissue repair

55
Q

How doe the delivery of US differ for acute and chronic tendonitis?

A

Acute: Pulsed; low intensity
Chronic: Continuous; higher intensity

56
Q

What role does the stratum corneum play in phonophoresis

A

I dont know hahaha

57
Q

What are the contraindication of US?.

A

Malignant tumor, pregnancy
CNS tissue, Joint cement or plastic components
Pacemaker, Throbophlebitis
Eyes, Reproductive organs

58
Q

What are the precautions of US?

A

Acute inflammation
Growth plates in children
Fractures
Breast implants

Intro PTA (13 decks)

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