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Intro PTA > FA&K chapter 8 > Flashcards

FA&K chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of how the body moves

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2
Q

Mechanics

A

Study of forces

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3
Q

Biomechanics-

A

Applying mechanics to the human body

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4
Q

Static

A

Non-moving systems

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5
Q

Dynamics

A

Moving systems

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6
Q

Kinetics

A

Forces causing movement in a system

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7
Q

Torque

A

The tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis

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8
Q

Friction

A

A force developed by two surfaces Tends to prevent motion of one surface over another

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9
Q

Kinematics

A

Involves: -Time -Space -Mass

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10
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Manner in which bones move( w/o regard to the movement of joint surfaces)

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11
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The manner in which adjoining surfaces move in the relation to each other

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12
Q

Force

A

-a push or pull -Represented as a vector (->)

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13
Q

Vector

A

A quantity having both magnitude and direction

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14
Q

Velocity

A

vector that describes speed (measured in units)

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15
Q

Scalar

A

A quantity that describes only magnitude -Length -Axes- -Volume -Mass

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16
Q

Inertia

A

Property of matter that causes it to resist any change of its motion in either speed of direction (mass is measured of inertia)

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17
Q

The Law of Inertia

A

An object @ rest stays at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion

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18
Q

The Law of Acceleration

A

The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to the object

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19
Q

The Law of Action-Reaction

A

Foe every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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20
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in an object

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21
Q

Two types of force

A

-Internal -External

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22
Q

Internal Force

A

-Muscle Contraction -Ligament Restraint -Bony support

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23
Q

External force

A

-Gravity -Externally applied resistance

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24
Q

Characteristics of force

A

-magnitude -direction -point of application

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25
Q

Linear Force

A

Results when 2 or more forces are acting along the same line (tug of war)

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26
Q

Parallel Force

A

Occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction ( 3 point pressure system)

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27
Q

Concurrent Force

A

2 or more fores must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions

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28
Q

Force couple

A

Occurs when 2 or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect

29
Q

Movement of force/rotary force

A

The ability of force to produce rotation around an axis

30
Q

How much torque can be produced depends on?

A

-Strength of the force -Torque arm -torque is the > when the angle of pull is 90* -Torque < as the angle of pull decreases or the increase from the perpendicular position

31
Q

Stabilizing force

A

A force generated by the muscle that is directed back into the joint pulling 2 bones together

32
Q

Angular Force

A

The greater the angular force a muscle can produce the more movement will occur at the joint ( greatest at 90*)

33
Q

Dislocating Force

A

Passed 90* the stabilizing force becomes a dislocating force because the force is directed away from the joint

34
Q

The state of equilibrium

A

All torques acting on an object are even and the object is balanced

35
Q

Gravity

A

The attraction between earth and an object

36
Q

COG

A

The balance point of an object at which the torque on all sides is = (Located slightly anterior to S2)

37
Q

BOS

A

The part of the body that is in contact w/ the supporting surface

38
Q

LOG

A

An imaginary line passing through the COG toward the center of earth

39
Q

Stable Equilibrium

A

An object is in a position where disturbing it would require the COG to be raised

40
Q

Unstable Equilibrium

A

Occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb and object

41
Q

Neutral

A

Exists when an objects COG is neither raised or lowered when it is disturbed

42
Q

The lower the COG……

A

The more stable the object

43
Q

The COG and LOG must remain w/in the….

A

BOS for an object to remain stable

44
Q

Stability increases,,,,

A

As the BOS is widened in the direction of the force

45
Q

The greater the mass of an object…

A

The greater its stability

46
Q

The greater the friction between the supporting surface and the BOS….

A

The more stable the body will be

47
Q

Lever

A

Rigid, can rotate around a fixed point when a forces is applied ( BONE)

48
Q

Axis (Fulcrum)

A

A fixed point around which the lever rotates (JOINT)

49
Q

Force

A

Effort- causes the lever to move (MUSCLE)

50
Q

Resistance

A

Load-Must overcome the motion to occur -weight of the part being moved -pull of gravity on the part -external weight being moved by the body

51
Q

Force Arm

A

The distance between the force and the axis

52
Q

Resistance Arm

A

The distance between the resistance and the axis

53
Q

Longer FA=

A

Easier to move the part

54
Q

Longer RA=

A

Harder to move the part

55
Q

First class lever (def.)

A

The axis is between the force and resistance

56
Q

First class lever: Axis close to resistance= Short RA/Long FA

A

-Easy to move the resistance -Resistance is moved only a short distance -Force has to be applied through a long distance -By placing the axis close to the resistance, you have a lever that favors force

57
Q

First class lever: Axis close to force= Short FA/Long RA

A

-It is harder to move the resistance -Resistance moves a longer distance -Force is applied through a short distance -By placing the axis close to the force, you have a lever that favors distance(ROM) & speed

58
Q

Second Class Lever (wheel barrow)

A

The resistance is in the middle w/ the axis at one and the force at the other end

59
Q

Second Class Lever: Long FA/ Short RA

A

The longer the FA, the easier it is to move the part

60
Q

Second Class Lever:Long RA/ Short FA

A

The longer the RA, the harder it is to move the part

61
Q

Third Class Lever

A

Force is in the middle w/ the resistance & the axis at the opposite ends

62
Q

Third Class Lever: Short FA

A

The load is harder to move, but moves a greater distance

63
Q

Third Class Lever:Long FA

A

The load is easier to move, but doesn’t move as far -Any gain in distance is lost in power - The advantage of a third class lever is speed and distance (MOST COMMON LEVER IN THE BODY)

64
Q

Pulley Purpose

A

To either change the direction of a force or to increase/decrease its magnitude

65
Q

Fixed Pulley

A

-Simple pulley attached to a beam -acts as a first-class lever w/ the force on one side of the pulley(axis) and the resistance on the other -Used only to change direction

66
Q

Moveable Pulley

A

-1 end of the rope attached to a beam, the rope runs through the pulley to the other end where the force is applied -The load (resistance) is suspended from the moveable pulley -The purpose of this type of pulley is to increase the mechanical advantage of the force

67
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

The # of times a machine multiplies the force

68
Q

Wheel and Axle

A

-A lever in disguise -Consists of a wheel/crank attached to & turning together w/ and axle -Used to increase the force exerted -the larger the wheel in relation to the axle, the easier it is to turn the object -Application? (Patient w/ arthritis unable to turn on/off faucet)

69
Q

Inclined Plane

A

-A flat surface that slants -Exchanges increased distance for less effort Application? Wheel chair ramp

Intro PTA (13 decks)

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