Problems and Concerns in Medical Technology Practice

Question 1

This means failure to act and use reasonable care

Answer 1

NEGLIGENCE

Question 2

involves carelessness and deviation from expected standard of care in particular set of circumstances

Answer 2

NEGLIGENCE

Question 3

This is an act of negligence or omission of a healthcare service expected from a professional healthcare provider in which the care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice in the medical community and may result in injury or death of the patient.

Answer 3

MALPRACTICE

Question 4

______is a more specific term that pertains to both the standard of care and professional status of the healthcare provider. If the person committing the wrong deed is a professional, then he or she is liable for it

Answer 4

Malpractice

Question 5

In order to prove negligence or malpractice, the following elements must be established:

Answer 5

a duty is owed
a duty was breached
the breach causes an injury
and damages that may be economic and non - economic damages

Question 6

have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth

Answer 6

Stem cells

Question 7

they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive.

Answer 7

STEM CELLS

Question 8

They are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.

Answer 8

STEM CELLS

Question 9

Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. In some organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, it regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, it only divide under special conditions.

Answer 9

STEM CELLS

Question 10

derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman’s body.

Answer 10

Embryonic stem cells

Question 11

An _________ is thought to be an undifferentiated cell, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ.

Answer 11

adult stem cell or somatic cells

Question 12

can renew itself and can differentiate to yield some or all of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ.

Answer 12

adult stem cell

Question 13

The primary roles of ________ in a living organism are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

Answer 13

adult stem cells

Question 14

These are stem cells in the amniotic fluid, which is a liquid that fills the sac surrounding and protecting a developing fetus in the uterus

Answer 14

Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells

Question 15

The extraction of amniotic fluid stem cells is called

Answer 15

amniocentesis

Question 16

is the termination of a very sick person’s life in order to relieve them of their suffering.

Answer 16

EUTHANASIA

Question 17

The term is derived from the Greek word ______ which means easy death.

Answer 17

euthanatos

Question 18

a person directly and deliberately causes the patient’s death.

Answer 18

active euthanasia

Question 19

they don’t directly take the patient’s life, they just allow them to die. This is a morally unsatisfactory distinction, since even though a person doesn’t ‘actively kill’ the patient, they are aware that the result of their inaction will be the death of the patient

Answer 19

passive euthanasia

Question 20

when death is brought about by an act - for example when a person is killed by being given an overdose of pain-killers.

Answer 20

Active euthanasia

Question 21

is when death is brought about by an omission - i.e. when someone lets the person die.

Answer 21

Passive euthanasia

Question 22

withdrawing or withholding treatment:

for example, switching off a machine that is keeping a person alive, so that they die of their disease

Answer 22

Withdrawing treatment

Question 23

withdrawing or withholding treatment:

for example, not carrying out surgery that will extend life for a short time.

Answer 23

Withholding treatment

Question 24

Voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia:

occurs at the request of the person who

Answer 24

Voluntary euthanasia

Question 25

Voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia:

occurs when the person is unconscious or otherwise unable (for example, a very young baby or a person of extremely low intelligence) to make a meaningful choice between living and dying, and an appropriate person takes the decision on their behalf

Answer 25

Non-voluntary euthanasia

Question 26

Voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia:

also includes cases where the person is a child who is mentally and emotionally able to take the decision, but is not regarded in law as old enough to take such a decision, so someone else must take it on their behalf in the eyes of the law

Answer 26

Non-voluntary euthanasia

Question 27

occurs when the person who dies chooses life and is killed anyway. This is usually called murder, but it is possible to imagine cases where the killing would count as being for the benefit of the person who dies.

Answer 27

Involuntary euthanasia

Question 28

This means providing treatment (usually to reduce pain) that has the side effect of speeding the patient’s death.
Since the primary intention is not to kill, this is seen by some people (but not all) as morally acceptable. A justification along these lines is formally called the doctrine of double effect.

Answer 28

Indirect euthanasia

Question 29

describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. Researchers have cloned a wide range of biological materials, including genes, cells, tissues and even entire organisms, such as a sheep.

Answer 29

CLONING

Question 30

also known as identical twins, occur in humans and other mammals. These twins are produced when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. Identical twins have nearly the same genetic makeup as each other, but they are genetically different from either parent.

Answer 30

Natural clones

Question 31

produces copies of genes or segments of DNA.

Answer 31

Gene cloning

Question 32

produces copies of whole animals

Answer 32

Reproductive cloning

Question 33

produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues.

Answer 33

Therapeutic cloning

Question 34

also known as DNA cloning, is a very different process from reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning share many of the same techniques, but are done for different purposes

Answer 34

Gene cloning