Problems and Concerns in Medical Technology Practice Flashcards
This means failure to act and use reasonable care
NEGLIGENCE
involves carelessness and deviation from expected standard of care in particular set of circumstances
NEGLIGENCE
This is an act of negligence or omission of a healthcare service expected from a professional healthcare provider in which the care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice in the medical community and may result in injury or death of the patient.
MALPRACTICE
______is a more specific term that pertains to both the standard of care and professional status of the healthcare provider. If the person committing the wrong deed is a professional, then he or she is liable for it
Malpractice
In order to prove negligence or malpractice, the following elements must be established:
a duty is owed
a duty was breached
the breach causes an injury
and damages that may be economic and non - economic damages
have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth
Stem cells
they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive.
STEM CELLS
They are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
STEM CELLS
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. In some organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, it regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, it only divide under special conditions.
STEM CELLS
derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman’s body.
Embryonic stem cells
An _________ is thought to be an undifferentiated cell, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ.
adult stem cell or somatic cells
can renew itself and can differentiate to yield some or all of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ.
adult stem cell
The primary roles of ________ in a living organism are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
adult stem cells
These are stem cells in the amniotic fluid, which is a liquid that fills the sac surrounding and protecting a developing fetus in the uterus
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells
The extraction of amniotic fluid stem cells is called
amniocentesis
is the termination of a very sick person’s life in order to relieve them of their suffering.
EUTHANASIA
The term is derived from the Greek word ______ which means easy death.
euthanatos
a person directly and deliberately causes the patient’s death.
active euthanasia
they don’t directly take the patient’s life, they just allow them to die. This is a morally unsatisfactory distinction, since even though a person doesn’t ‘actively kill’ the patient, they are aware that the result of their inaction will be the death of the patient
passive euthanasia
when death is brought about by an act - for example when a person is killed by being given an overdose of pain-killers.
Active euthanasia
is when death is brought about by an omission - i.e. when someone lets the person die.
Passive euthanasia
withdrawing or withholding treatment:
for example, switching off a machine that is keeping a person alive, so that they die of their disease
Withdrawing treatment
withdrawing or withholding treatment:
for example, not carrying out surgery that will extend life for a short time.
Withholding treatment
Voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia:
occurs at the request of the person who
Voluntary euthanasia
Voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia:
occurs when the person is unconscious or otherwise unable (for example, a very young baby or a person of extremely low intelligence) to make a meaningful choice between living and dying, and an appropriate person takes the decision on their behalf
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia:
also includes cases where the person is a child who is mentally and emotionally able to take the decision, but is not regarded in law as old enough to take such a decision, so someone else must take it on their behalf in the eyes of the law
Non-voluntary euthanasia
occurs when the person who dies chooses life and is killed anyway. This is usually called murder, but it is possible to imagine cases where the killing would count as being for the benefit of the person who dies.
Involuntary euthanasia
This means providing treatment (usually to reduce pain) that has the side effect of speeding the patient’s death.
Since the primary intention is not to kill, this is seen by some people (but not all) as morally acceptable. A justification along these lines is formally called the doctrine of double effect.
Indirect euthanasia
describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. Researchers have cloned a wide range of biological materials, including genes, cells, tissues and even entire organisms, such as a sheep.
CLONING
also known as identical twins, occur in humans and other mammals. These twins are produced when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. Identical twins have nearly the same genetic makeup as each other, but they are genetically different from either parent.
Natural clones
produces copies of genes or segments of DNA.
Gene cloning
produces copies of whole animals
Reproductive cloning
produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues.
Therapeutic cloning
also known as DNA cloning, is a very different process from reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning share many of the same techniques, but are done for different purposes
Gene cloning
