Bioethics

Question 1

is a discipline of applied ethics and comprises three main sub-disciplines: medical ethics, animal ethics, and environmental ethics.

Answer 1

Bioethics

Question 2

The oldest sub-discipline of bioethics which can be traced back to the introduction of the Hippocratic Oath (500 B.C.E.)

Answer 2

Medical Ethics

Question 3

is a compilation of ancient texts concerning the proper behaviour of physicians and the relationship between physician and patient

Answer 3

Hippocratic Oath

Question 4

Hippocratic Oath contains some binding ethical rules of utmost importance such as the well -known principle of _____ and the _______

Answer 4

non-maleficence (“primum nonnocere”) and the principle of beneficence (“salusaegrotisupremalex”)

Question 5

“primum non nocere”

Answer 5

principle of non-maleficence

Question 6

“salusaegrotisupremalex”

Answer 6

principle of beneficence

Question 7

In contemporary bioethics, it is —widely regarded as an eligible autonomous decision of the patient that must be respected.

Answer 7

euthanasia

Question 8

They provided the deontological approaches

Answer 8

Kant and Ross

Question 9

Approaches that are commonly characterized by applying usually strict moral rules or norms to concrete cases.

Answer 9

Deontological Approaches

Question 10

Religious approaches, such as those of the Catholic Church, and non-religious deontological approaches, such as ___________, are prime examples of applying moral rules.

Answer 10

Kantian-oriented theories

Question 11

A deontological approach that generally adhere to the basic Kantian ideas of respect for persons and human dignity; both central ideas are rooted in the human being’s capacity to act autonomously.

Answer 11

Kantian-oriented deontological approaches (or Kantianism)

Question 12

“Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end”

Answer 12

The second formula of Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Question 13

used in the fields of animal ethics (Regan 1983, Korsgaard 1996, 2004, Wood 1998) and environmental ethics (Taylor 1986, Korsgaard 1996)

Answer 13

deontological approaches

Question 14

One of the most prominent and influential ways of ethical reasoning and decision making in the field of bioethics is based on ________.

Answer 14

utilitarianism

Question 15

The consequence principle of utilirarianism

Answer 15

The consequences of a given action are the measure of its moral quality.

Question 16

The moral rightness and wrongness of actions are determined by the greatest possible utility for the greatest possible number of all sentient beings

Answer 16

utility principle

Question 17

The consequences of a given action are evaluated with reference to a particular value. This particular prime value can be as follows: (1) Promoting pleasure, or (2) avoiding pain, or (3) satisfaction of interests or considered preferences, or (4) satisfaction of some objective criteria of wellbeing, and so forth.

Answer 17

hedonistic principle

Question 18

Maximize the total utility for all sentient beings affected.

Answer 18

universal principle

Question 19

Utilitarian approaches in bioethics were spearheaded by

Answer 19

Singer (1979) and Harris (1975)

Question 20

Utilitarian approaches in bioethics were spearheaded by Singer (1979) and Harris (1975) and carried on by, among others,

Answer 20

Savulescu (2001, 2002) and Schüklenk (2010)

Question 21

debunking the traditional religious views on the sacredness of human beings, the prohibition of abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia

Answer 21

Utilitarianism

Question 22

stressing the importance of non-rational sentient animals (animal ethics) and the preservation of nature (environmental ethics) against anthropocentric approaches such as Kantianism and religious approaches

Answer 22

Utilitarianism

Question 23

arguing against the use of human rights and human dignity in bioethical discourses

Answer 23

Utilitarianism

Question 24

maximizing the patient’s well-being or best interests in medicine

Answer 24

Utilitarianism

Question 25

one should not be allowed to kill a human being or sentient animal if one can detect in that being rationality and self consciousness— the core elements of personhood according to _______.

Answer 25

Singer

Question 26

claims that human beings must consider the equal interests of human beings and animals alike.

Answer 26

Singer

Question 27

Who developed the Four-Principle Approach?

Answer 27

Tom Beauchamp and James Childress

Question 28

Name the four universal prima facie mid-level ethical principles of principalism

Answer 28

(1) autonomy,
(2) non-maleficence,
(3) beneficence,
(4) justice

Question 29

is the set of norms shared by all persons committed to morality.

Answer 29

The common morality

Question 30

________ is, according to Beauchamp, …a methodological tool that adds content to abstract principles, ridding them of their indeterminateness and providing action-guiding content for the purpose of coping with complex cases.

Answer 30

method of specification

Question 31

is important for reaching sound judgements in individual cases and it can be seen as “the process of finding reasons to support beliefs about which moral norms should prevail” (Beauchamp and Childress 2009: 20).

Answer 31

method of balancing

Question 32

four basic principles of medical ethics:

Answer 32

1) Beneficence,
2) Non-Maleficence,
3) Respect for Autonomy, and
4) Justice.

Question 33

Medical practitioners should act in the best interests of the patient

Answer 33

The Principle of Beneficence

Question 34

Medical practitioners must not harm the patient.

Answer 34

The Principle of Non-Maleficence

Question 35

This principle is based on the ancient maxim “First, do no harm” (primumnon nocere).

Answer 35

The Principle of Non-Maleficence

Question 36

More specifically, they should prevent harm, remove harm, and promote good for the patient. In the delivery of health care, the relevant harms to be prevented or removed may include pain and suffering, disease, disability, and death. Similarly, the relevant goods to be promoted may include well-being, health, proper functioning, and life.

Answer 36

The Principle of Beneficence

Question 37

When applying this principle, it must be determined whether a proposed medical treatment will prevent or remove harm, or promote good for the patient.

Answer 37

The Principle of Beneficence

Question 38

Capable patients must be allowed to accept or refuse recommended medical interventions

Answer 38

The Principle of Respect for Autonomy

Question 39

defined as the capacity for self-determination or the capacity to make one’s own decisions. In the health care context, this capacity involves the ability to make and communicate health care
decisions.

Answer 39

Autonomy

Question 40

________ requires that those with this capacity be permitted to accept or refuse treatment alternatives recommended by their physicians. Of vital importance to the application of this principle is the requirement of ________________

Answer 40

The Principle of Respect for Autonomy, voluntary informed consent

Question 41

__________ must be provided with full, relevant, and truthful information about recommended treatments and any reasonable alternatives, including expected benefits, potential risks, and the results of refusing treatment altogether. They must understand this information and make a voluntary decision ________.

Answer 41

Capable patients, without coercion or undue influence.

Question 42

Patients, their families and surrogate decision makers, as well as health care providers, all have the right to dignity.

Answer 42

The Principle of Respect for Dignity

Question 43

meant to apply to everyone involved in the medical encounter. It is based on the fundamental idea that all persons should be treated with respect and dignity.

Answer 43

The Principle of Respect for Dignity

Question 44

The capable patient must be provided with the complete truth about his or her medical condition.

Answer 44

The Principle of Veracity

Question 45

Capable patients must be provided with the complete truth about their medical conditions, both at the point of diagnosis and as their condition progresses. This is the only way that a patient can make a truly informed decision about accepting or rejecting recommended medical interventions. Patients must also be informed about their conditions in case experimental treatments were to become available. Similarly, surrogate decision makers must be provided with this information so that they can make an informed decision about the incapable patient’s treatment.

Answer 45

The Principle of Veracity

Question 46

Health care resources should be distributed in a fair way among the members of society.

Answer 46

The Principle of Distributive Justice

Question 47

This principle is applicable when resources are expensive or scarce and decisions must be made about who will receive these resources

Answer 47

The Principle of Distributive Justice