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Personality and Individual Differences > Problem 9: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Problem 9: Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Personality Disorder

A

= stable and enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that emerge in adolescence/early adulthood

  • deviate from the norms of one’s culture
  • pervasive and inflexible across many aspects of life
  • lead to distress or impairment
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2
Q

Cluster A

A

schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid personality disorders

= odd or eccentric disorders, because the behavior of persons diagnosed with these disorders seems strange or unusual

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3
Q

Cluster B

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

–> dramatic and erratic disorders, because the behavior of persons diagnosed with these disorders seems impulsive and unstable

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4
Q

Cluster C

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

–> anxious and fearful disorders, because the behavior of persons diagnosed with these disorders seems nervous and worried

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5
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A
  • extreme detachment from social relationships
  • limited expression of emotions
  • no interest in interpersonal relationships
  • little joy in non-social settings either
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6
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A
  • detachment from social relationships
  • extreme discomfort with relationships
  • highly superstitious, fascinated with paranormal
  • may have bizarre perceptual experiences
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7
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A
  • very strong suspiciousness of others’ motives
  • suspect others are trying to harm them
  • quick to take offense
  • tendency to hold grudges against others
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8
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • tendency to disregard the right of others
  • deceitful, lying to others for gain
  • feel no remorse
  • tend to be aggressive, impulsive, irresponsible
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9
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • extreme instability in self-image and relationships
  • extreme impulsivity
  • intense and unstable love/hate relationships
  • tendency to be extremely moody/temperamental
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10
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A
  • exaggerated display of emotions
  • excessive attention seeking
  • intense need to be at center of attention
  • use physical appearance to draw attention
  • easily influenced by others
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11
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A
  • grandiosity: consider oneself superior
  • selfish lack of concern for others
  • fantasize about high status
  • arrogant style
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12
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A
  • social inhibition and shyness
  • feelings of inadequacy
  • oversensitivity to possible neg. evaluation
  • lack of social contact (afraid of rejection)
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13
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A
  • preoccupations with orderliness, perfection and control
  • tends to be so preoccupied with details that the entire point of activity is lost
  • put work ahead of personal relationships
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14
Q

Problems with the DSM-5 Personality Disorders

A
  1. symptoms of one disorder do not necessarily go together
  2. two disorders may have overlapping symptoms
    –> comorbidity: many persons are diagnosed with two or more personality disorders at the same time
  3. clusters of PDs do not match factor analysis results
  4. personality should be seen as a continuum not a category
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15
Q

Alternative System for Personality Disorders

A

Impaired Personality Functioning and Pathological Personality Traits

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16
Q

Impaired Personality Functioning: Self-Problems

A

Identity:
1. A person might not have a sense of himself or herself as a unique person, if he or she identifies too strongly with some other person(s), or alternatively if he or she is too much concerned with being independent of certain others.
2. A person might have self-esteem that is highly unstable, being easily threatened by negative experiences, or might have a distorted appraisal of his or her strengths and weaknesses.
3. A person might not be able to regulate his or her emotions or even to recognize what emotions he or she experiences.

Self-direction:
1. A person might not be able to select realistic or meaningful goals in his or her life.
2. A person might lack any internal standards for behavior of the kind that would allow him or her to gain fulfillment through cooperation with others.
3. A person might be unable to reflect constructively on his or her own experiences or motivations.

17
Q

Impaired Personality Functioning: Interpersonal Problems

A

Empathy:
1. A person might be unable to understand the experiences or motivations of other people.
2. A person might be unable to understand or unwilling to consider the perspectives of others.
3. A person might have little understanding of how his or her own behavior affects others.

Intimacy:
1. A person might be lacking in positive, sustained relationships with people in general.
2. A person might be unable to engage in close, caring relationships with any other persons.
3. A person might be unwilling or unable to cooperate with others.

18
Q

Pathological Personality Traits

A

Negative Affectivity: intense and frequent experience of negative emotions

Detachment: withdrawal from social interactions and from other people

Antagonism: acting in ways that create difficulties for other people

Disinhibition: behaving on impulse, without thinking of consequences

Psychoticism: unusual, bizarre thoughts and perceptions

19
Q

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A
  • helping patient to express emotions
  • helping to identify recurring behavioural patterns and examine important relationships

Aim: improve patient’s self-understanding –> improve functioning

20
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

–> based on idea that PD involve dysfunctional views about self, environment, and future

Aim: understanding irrational beliefs a patient holds and show that traits are maladaptive

21
Q

Dialectic Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A
  • specifically for borderline patients

Aim: making patient aware of thoughts and feelings (developing mindfulness)

–> patients find it easier to handle the thoughts and feelings causing distress

22
Q

Prevalence of Personality Disorder

A

between 4% and 15%

–> higher in criminal offenders (2/3)
–> higher in people in contact with health-care services

23
Q

ICD-10

A

–> the ICD-10 disorders are very similar to the DSM-5 ones

main difference:
- schizotypal category is regarded as a part of the spectrum of schizophrenia and not classified with the personality disorders
- narcissistic personality disorder is not present in the classification
- borderline and impulsive personality disorders are subcategories of emotionally unstable personality disorder

24
Q

ICD-11

A

–> the proposed ICD-11 classification abolishes all type-specific categories of personality disorder apart from the main one: the presence of personality disorder itself

Diagnosis:
1. establish whether the patient satisfies the general definition of personality disorder
2. identify the severity of personality disturbance

Advantage:
removes the confusing comorbidity of different categories of personality disorder
–> the proportion of patients with unspecified personality disorder should be substantially reduced

25
Q

Genetic Influences

A

Personality traits in childhood stabilize throughout life beyond age 30 years
–> roughly 50% heritable, with little variance accounted for by shared environmental factors, the remainder being attributable to individuals’ unique experiences and how their genetic make-up interacts with the environment
–> genetic factors and environmental constancies probably underpin the continuity of personality, whereas changing environmental effects imply plasticity and thereby the opportunity for clinical intervention

26
Q

Stability and Change

A

Personality across the normal-abnormal range is…
o moderately stable during childhood
o increases in stability from adolescence to emerging adulthood
o changes more slowly from age 30 years

27
Q

Psychosocial Intervention

A

= mixture of group and individual treatments, integrated with other services available to the patient could be optimum for a good outcome

aim: reduce acute life-threatening symptoms and improve distressing mental state symptoms

–> mainly for borderline personality disorder

28
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

= behavioral traits associated with a personality disorder might be associated with neurochemical abnormalities of the CNS

–> focuses on specific aspects of personality disorder’s pathological effects, such as affective instability and cognitive-perceptual disturbances

29
Q

Dark Triad

A

Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism

30
Q

Psychopathy

A

shaped by impulsivity, low empathy, and anxiety, a lack of guilt or remorse, emotional shallowness, a belief in the superiority of oneself, and a parasitic lifestyle which can involve criminal activities

31
Q

Machiavellianism

A

= the willingness to exploit others

–> belief in the effectiveness of manipulative tactics in dealing with other people
–> a cynical view of human nature
–> a moral outlook that puts expediency above principle

32
Q

Dark Triad and Career Success

A

narcissism was positively related to salary
–> objective career success

Machiavellianism was positively related to leadership position and career satisfaction
–> objective and subjective career success

psychopathy was negatively related to salary, leadership responsibility, and career satisfaction
–> objective and subjective success

33
Q

Dirty Dozen

A

= a concise 12-item measure of the Dark Triad

  • fast life strategy: disagreeableness, short-term mating, low levels of conscientiousness
  • social exploitation
  • aggression: physical, verbal, and hostility
  • manipulation
  • instability
  • men score higher than women –> sociosexuality

Personality and Individual Differences (9 decks)

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