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Personality and Individual differences > Problem 8 > Flashcards

Problem 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality disorders

A

Refer to enduring + stable patterns of thought, feeling and behavior, that deviate from the norms of ones culture and may lead to distress and impairment

  • emerges in adolescence or early adulthood

=> extreme levels of personality traits, but may tend to fluctuate over the course of time

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2
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

Involves an extreme degree of detachment from social relationships + very limited expression of emotions in interpersonal settings

–> e.g.: emotional detachment + social isolation

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3
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Tendency to be highly superstitious with the paranormal + having bizarre perceptual experiences

–> detachment from social relationships also due to discomfort

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4
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

Characterized by a strong suspiciousness of others motives + by a sense of being followed

–> e.g.: think that others try to harm, deceive, exploit you

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5
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Refers to a tendency to disregard + violate the right of others

–> e.g.: being deceitful by lying to others/conning them

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6
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Involves extreme instability in ones own self image + ones relationships with others

–> e.g.: having unstable “love/hate” relationships with others + working over possible abandonment

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7
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Refers to an exaggerated display of emotions + excessive attention seeking

–> e.g.: feeling uncomfortable when not the focus of attention

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8
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Refers to a tendency to consider oneself as a superior individual who deserves the admiration of others

–> selfish lack of concern for others needs

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9
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Characterized by social inhibition, shyness, feelings of inadequacy + oversensitivity to possible negative evaluation

–> strong fears of criticism/disapproval/rejection

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10
Q

What are the differences between the avoidant vs schizoid personality disorder when it comes to their need for social contact ?

A

Avoidant people want social contact but is simply afraid of rejection, whereas schizoid people are completely indifferent to it

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11
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Characterized by an

a) excessive need to be taken care of

b) submissive, clinging behavior

c) fear of separation

–> need a great deal of advice + reassurance

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12
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Involves being preoccupied with orderliness, perfection + control

–> to an extent that the purpose of the entire activity is lost

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13
Q

DSM 4 cluster

A

Lists 10 personality disorders which are grouped into 3 “clusters”:

–> Cluster A,B,C and (NOS)

  • Only categorical
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14
Q

Cluster A

(odd + eccentric)

A

Contains the

a) Schizoid

b) Schizotypal

c) Paranoid

personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are strange + unusual

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15
Q

Cluster B

(dramatic + erratic)

A

Contains the

a) Antisocial

b) Borderline

c) Histrionic

d) Narcissistic

personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are impulsive + unstable

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16
Q

Cluster C

(anxious + fearful)

A

Contains the

a) Avoidant

b) Dependent

c) Obsessive-compulsive

Personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are nervous + worried

17
Q

Cluster NOS

(Not otherwise specified)

A

Contains

a) Depression
b) Passive-Aggressiveness

–> most prevalent personality disorders

18
Q

Limitations to the DSM 4

A
  1. Some symptoms do not really show much tendency to co-occur
    * 2 persons diagnosed with the same disorder might not have any symptoms in common
  2. Two disorders might have overlapping symptoms and may be diagnosed together
    * people might me diagnosed with 2 or more disorders
  3. “Clusters” of disorders do not match factor analysis results
  4. A personality disorder should be seen as a continuum, not as a category
    * because having it is a matter of degree
19
Q

According to the new, revised version of the DSM 5, there are 2 essential features of a personality disorder.

Which are those ?

A
  1. Impaired personality functioning
  2. Presence of pathological personality traits
20
Q

In which way is the new DSM 5 version different to the DSM 4 ?

A

Hybrid version

–> categorical + dimensional

  1. dimensional part is shown in section III of the DSM, which is part for future research, thus it is not really used
  2. Dimensional part refers to the 5 domains
21
Q

Negative affectivity domain

A

Involves intense experience of negative emotions

–> similar to neuroticism

22
Q

Detachment domain

A

Involves withdrawal from social interactions + from other people

–> similar to low extraversion

23
Q

Antagonism domain

A

Involves acting in ways that create difficulties for other people

–> similar to low honesty-humility

24
Q

Disinhibition domain

A

Involves behaving on impulse, without thinking of consequences

–> similar to low conscientiousness

25
Q

The new, revised system recognizes 25 personalty traits as being pathological, when showing a high level of one of the traits.

These 25 personality facets are clustered into 5 main domains.

Several of these domains are similar to factors of the big 5 or HEXACO.

Name these domains.

A
  1. Negative affectivity domain
  2. Detachment domain
  3. Antagonism domain
  4. Disinhibition domain
    (5. Psychoticism)

–> describes Schizotypal PD

26
Q

Which methods does a clinician use to diagnose a patient ?

A

1. Conducting a structured interview with patient or person that know the patient

2. Using a specific rating form

a) Impaired personality functioning
* from scale 0-4, with 3-4 indicating a PD
b) Pathological personality trait
* scale 0-3, with 2-3 being indicative

27
Q

Which criteria must be met if a personality disorder is to be diagnosed ?

A
  1. Does the patient have Impaired personality functioning, by looking at
    a) whether a person has a clear sense of the self
    b) Capabilities of self- or emotional regulation
    c) Interpersonal functioning; ability to make and maintain relationships
  2. The pathalogical traits have to be
    a) relatively stable across time
    b) considered abnormal for the persons stage of development
    c) not be due to the effects of some substance e.g.: medication, drugs
28
Q

What are the causes of Personality disorders ?

A
  1. Show high heritability (50 %), where the rest is due to envirnomental factors or an interplay of both
  2. Insecure attachment

–> schemas

  1. Neurobiological differences
  2. Childhood trauma
29
Q

What are the 2 reasons for why it can be difficult to treat personality disorders ?

A
  1. Disorders are based on the individuals own personality characteristics, which tend to be rather stable across long periods of time
  2. Some disorders are based on characteristics that make an individual less likely to be cooperative during during treatment
30
Q

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

A

Involves encouraging the patient to speak freely about what is on his/her mind

–> thereby the patients self understanding improves his/her functioning

31
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

(CBT)

A

Involves understanding the irrational beliefs that a patient has + showing the patient that those views are wrong

–> trying to change their perceptions

32
Q

Dialectical behavior therapy

(DBT)

A

Involves

  1. making the patient more aware of what he/she is currently thinking + feeling
  2. getting the patient to reflect on and accept those thoughts + feelings openly without judgment

–> used for borderline PD

33
Q

Psychobiological treatments

A

Using drugs to counteract the chemical imbalances in the brain

–> e.g.: antidepressant etc

34
Q

Psychodynamic group therapy

A

Involves creating a therapeutic community, intended to develop feelings of empathy + responsibility towards peers

–> counterpo+roductive for antisocial people, because theyll use input about other peoples feelings + behavior to engage in manipulative behavior

35
Q

What is said to be the most successful method for treating antisocial people ?

A

Making it the persons own self interest to avoid exploiting other people

–> showing them what criminal acts might lead to

36
Q

Characteristics of personality disorders

A

1. Defined by Personality traits, not symptoms

2. Traits are rigid + inflexible, therefore maladaptive

  • usually we should be able to use our personalities in an adaptive way

3. Interpersonal

  • how we interact with other people

5. Ego-syntonic

  • people suffering from them just perceive the personality disorder to be normal/ a part of the self

6. Long duration

7. Early onset

8. Treatment resistent

37
Q

Alternative classifications of personality disorders

A
  1. Personality disorders lie on a continuum with mental disorders
    ex. : Schizotypal disorder + Schizophrenia
  2. Personality disorders are extreme versions of personality traits

Personality and Individual differences (9 decks)

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