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Personality and Individual differences > Problem 8 > Flashcards

Problem 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality disorders

A

Refer to enduring + stable patterns of thought, feeling and behavior, that deviate from the norms of ones culture and may lead to distress and impairment

  • emerges in adolescence or early adulthood

=> extreme levels of personality traits, but may tend to fluctuate over the course of time

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2
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

Involves an extreme degree of detachment from social relationships + very limited expression of emotions in interpersonal settings

–> e.g.: emotional detachment + social isolation

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3
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Tendency to be highly superstitious with the paranormal + having bizarre perceptual experiences

–> detachment from social relationships also due to discomfort

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4
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

Characterized by a strong suspiciousness of others motives + by a sense of being followed

–> e.g.: think that others try to harm, deceive, exploit you

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5
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Refers to a tendency to disregard + violate the right of others

–> e.g.: being deceitful by lying to others/conning them

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6
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Involves extreme instability in ones own self image + ones relationships with others

–> e.g.: having unstable “love/hate” relationships with others + working over possible abandonment

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7
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Refers to an exaggerated display of emotions + excessive attention seeking

–> e.g.: feeling uncomfortable when not the focus of attention

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8
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Refers to a tendency to consider oneself as a superior individual who deserves the admiration of others

–> selfish lack of concern for others needs

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9
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Characterized by social inhibition, shyness, feelings of inadequacy + oversensitivity to possible negative evaluation

–> strong fears of criticism/disapproval/rejection

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10
Q

What are the differences between the avoidant vs schizoid personality disorder when it comes to their need for social contact ?

A

Avoidant people want social contact but is simply afraid of rejection, whereas schizoid people are completely indifferent to it

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11
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Characterized by an

a) excessive need to be taken care of

b) submissive, clinging behavior

c) fear of separation

–> need a great deal of advice + reassurance

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12
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Involves being preoccupied with orderliness, perfection + control

–> to an extent that the purpose of the entire activity is lost

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13
Q

DSM 4 cluster

A

Lists 10 personality disorders which are grouped into 3 “clusters”:

–> Cluster A,B,C and (NOS)

  • Only categorical
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14
Q

Cluster A

(odd + eccentric)

A

Contains the

a) Schizoid

b) Schizotypal

c) Paranoid

personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are strange + unusual

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15
Q

Cluster B

(dramatic + erratic)

A

Contains the

a) Antisocial

b) Borderline

c) Histrionic

d) Narcissistic

personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are impulsive + unstable

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16
Q

Cluster C

(anxious + fearful)

A

Contains the

a) Avoidant

b) Dependent

c) Obsessive-compulsive

Personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are nervous + worried

17
Q

Cluster NOS

(Not otherwise specified)

A

Contains

a) Depression
b) Passive-Aggressiveness

–> most prevalent personality disorders

18
Q

Limitations to the DSM 4

A
  1. Some symptoms do not really show much tendency to co-occur
    * 2 persons diagnosed with the same disorder might not have any symptoms in common
  2. Two disorders might have overlapping symptoms and may be diagnosed together
    * people might me diagnosed with 2 or more disorders
  3. “Clusters” of disorders do not match factor analysis results
  4. A personality disorder should be seen as a continuum, not as a category
    * because having it is a matter of degree
19
Q

According to the new, revised version of the DSM 5, there are 2 essential features of a personality disorder.

Which are those ?

A
  1. Impaired personality functioning
  2. Presence of pathological personality traits
20
Q

In which way is the new DSM 5 version different to the DSM 4 ?

A

Hybrid version

–> categorical + dimensional

  1. dimensional part is shown in section III of the DSM, which is part for future research, thus it is not really used
  2. Dimensional part refers to the 5 domains
21
Q

Negative affectivity domain

A

Involves intense experience of negative emotions

–> similar to neuroticism

22
Q

Detachment domain

A

Involves withdrawal from social interactions + from other people

–> similar to low extraversion

23
Q

Antagonism domain

A

Involves acting in ways that create difficulties for other people

–> similar to low honesty-humility

24
Q

Disinhibition domain

A

Involves behaving on impulse, without thinking of consequences

–> similar to low conscientiousness

25
The new, revised system recognizes 25 personalty traits as being pathological, when showing a high level of one of the traits. These 25 personality facets are clustered into 5 main domains. Several of these domains are similar to factors of the big 5 or HEXACO. ***Name these domains.***
1. Negative affectivity domain 2. Detachment domain 3. Antagonism domain 4. Disinhibition domain (5. Psychoticism) --\> describes Schizotypal PD
26
Which methods does a clinician use to diagnose a patient ?
***1. Conducting a structured interview*** with patient or person that know the patient ***2. Using a specific rating form*** a) _Impaired personality functioning_ * from scale 0-4, with 3-4 indicating a PD b) _Pathological personality trait_ * scale 0-3, with 2-3 being indicative
27
Which criteria must be met if a personality disorder is to be diagnosed ?
1. Does the patient have _Impaired personality functioning_, by looking at a) whether a person has a clear ***sense of the self*** b) Capabilities of ***self- or emotional regulation*** c) ***Interpersonal functioning***; ability to make and maintain relationships 2. The _pathalogical traits_ have to be a) relatively ***stable across time*** b) ***considered abnormal*** for the persons stage of development c) ***_not_ be due to the effects of some substance*** e.g.: medication, drugs
28
What are the causes of Personality disorders ?
1. Show high ***heritability*** (50 %), where the rest is due to envirnomental factors or an interplay of both 2. ***Insecure attachment*** --\> schemas 3. ***Neurobiological differences*** 3. ***Childhood trauma***
29
What are the 2 reasons for why it can be difficult to treat personality disorders ?
1. Disorders are ***based on the individuals own personality characteristics***, which tend to be rather _stable_ across long periods of time 2. Some disorders are ***based on characteristics that make an individual less likely to be cooperative*** during during treatment
30
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Involves ***encouraging the patient to speak freely about what is on his/her mind*** --\> thereby the patients self understanding improves his/her functioning
31
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Involves ***understanding the _irrational beliefs_ that a patient has + showing the patient that those views are wrong*** --\> trying to change their perceptions
32
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
Involves 1. ***making the patient more aware*** of what he/she is currently thinking + feeling 2. ***getting the patient to reflect on and _accept those thoughts_*** + feelings openly without judgment --\> used for borderline PD
33
Psychobiological treatments
***_Using drugs_ to counteract the chemical imbalances in the brain*** --\> e.g.: antidepressant etc
34
Psychodynamic group therapy
Involves ***creating a therapeutic community***, intended to develop feelings of empathy + responsibility towards peers --\> counterpo+roductive for antisocial people, because theyll use input about other peoples feelings + behavior to engage in manipulative behavior
35
What is said to be the most successful method for treating antisocial people ?
***Making it the persons _own self interest_ to avoid exploiting other people*** --\> showing them what criminal acts might lead to
36
Characteristics of personality disorders
***1. Defined by Personality traits***, not symptoms ***2.*** Traits are rigid + ***inflexible***, therefore ***maladaptive*** * usually we should be able to use our personalities in an adaptive way ***3. Interpersonal*** * how we interact with other people ***5. Ego-syntonic*** * people suffering from them just perceive the personality disorder to be normal/ a part of the self ***6. Long duration*** ***7. Early onset*** ***8. Treatment resistent***
37
Alternative classifications of personality disorders
1. Personality disorders lie on a continuum with mental disorders ex. : Schizotypal disorder + Schizophrenia 2. Personality disorders are extreme versions of personality traits

Personality and Individual differences (9 decks)

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